Multidrug Resistant Bacteria: The Fatal Menace in Healthcare

Authors

  • Suma Sarojini Christ University, Bangalore

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.12723/mjs.20.3

Keywords:

multidrug resistance, MRSA, plasmid, receptor, superbug

Abstract

The “antibiotic era” saw the discovery of a lot of wonder drugs which killed pathogenic bacteria without significantly harming the host. Never before had nature and sickness seemed so much within the control of mankind. The hopes soon died down with the reports of antibiotic resistant bacteria. The extensive overuse and misuse of antibiotics by human beings coupled with the alarming rate of spread of resistance genes to other bacteria by horizontal and lateral gene transfer has given the problem a larger dimension in that now we have superbugs resistant to a variety of antibiotics. People need to be informed of the dangers of antibiotics and educated on the forms of illnesses that antibiotics cannot treat.

Author Biography

Suma Sarojini, Christ University, Bangalore

Assistant Professor, Department of Biotechnology, Christ University, Bangalore, India

References

P. Ehrlich and A. Bertheim, “Über das salzsaure Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellsch Vol aft.” Berichte, vol. 45, pp. 756, 1912.

A. Fleming, “On antibacterial action of culture of Penicillium, with special reference to their use in isolation of B. influenza,” Br. J. Exp. Pathol., vol. 10, pp. 226–236, 1929.

G. J. Domagk, “Ein Beitrag zur Chemotherapie der bakteriellen infektionen,” Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr., vol. 61, pp. 250-253, 1935.

S. A. Waksman, “Strain specificity and production of antibiotic substances X characterization and classification of species within the Streptomyces griseus group,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., U.S.A., vol. 45, pp. 1043-1047, 1959.

S. A. Waksman, “History of the word antibiotic,” J. Hist. Med. Allied Sci., vol. 28, pp. 284–286, 1973.

S. Kushner et al., “Experimental Chemotherapy of Tuberculosis - The synthesis of Pyrazinamides and related compounds,” J. Am. Chem. Soc., vol. 74, no. 14, pp. 3617, 1952.

D. C. Hodgkin. “The X-ray analysis of the structure of penicillin,” Adv. Sci. vol. 6, pp. 85–89, 1949

J. Sheehan and K. R. Henery-Logan, “The Total Synthesis of Penicillin V,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. vol. 81, pp. 3089–3094, 1959.

E. F. Gale et al., Eds., The molecular basis of antibiotic action, 2nd ed. Chichester: John Wiley, 1981.

C. Walsh, Antibiotics: actions, origins, resistance. Washington, D C: ASM Press, 2003.

E. P. Abraham, and E. Chain. “An enzyme from bacteria able to destroy penicillin,” Rev. Infect. Dis., vol. 10, pp. 677–678, 1940.

K. Hiramatsu, “Reduced susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus to vancomycin -- Japan, 1996,” MMWR. CDC, vol. 46, pp. 624-626, 1997.

R. A. Howe et al., “Vancomycin susceptibility within methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus lineages,” Emerg. Infect. Dis., vol. 10, pp. 855-857, 2004.

Z. Bersos et al., “First report of a linezolid-resistant vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium strain in Greece,” J. Antimicrob. Chemother., vol. 53 no. 4, pp. 685-686, 2004.

A. L. Bartoloni et al., “Antibiotic resistance in a very remote Amazonas community,” Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents, vol. 33, pp. 125–129, 2009.

L. Pallecchi et al., “Antibiotic resistance in the absence of antimicrobial use: mechanisms and implications,” Expert Rev. Anti Infect. Ther., vol.6, pp. 725–732, 2008.

G. Carlsson et al., “Effluent from bulk drug production is toxic to aquatic vertebrates,” Environ. Toxicol. Chem., vol. 28, pp. 2656–2662, 2009.

P. C. Appelbaum et al., “Streptococcus pneumoniae resistant to Penicillin and Chloramphenicol, ” The Lancet., vol. 310, pp. 995-997, 1977.

A. Telenti et al., “Detection of rifampicin-resistance mutations in Mycobacterium tuberculosis,” Lancet, vol. 341, pp. 647-650, 1993.

S. P. Cohen et al., “Cross-resistance to fluoroquinolones in multiple-antibiotic-resistant (Mar) Escherichia coli selected by tetracycline or chloramphenicol: decreased drug accumulation associated with membrane changes in addition to OmpF reduction,” Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol. 33, pp. 1318–1325, 1989.

S. B. Levy. “The antibiotic paradox: how miracle drugs are destroying the miracle,” New York: Plenum Press, 1992.

M. Rich et al., "A fatal case of aplastic anemia following chloramphenicol (chloromycetin) therapy,” Ann. Intern. Med., vol. 33, no. 6, pp. 1459–1467, 1950.

J. Ruiz et al., ”Analysis of the mechanisms of quinolone resistance in nalidixic acid-resistant clinical isolates of Salmonella serotype Typhimurium,” Journal of Medical Microbiology, vol. 46, pp. 623–628, 1997.

Y. Pelleg et al., “Acinetobacter baumannii: emergence of a successful pathogen,” Clin. Microbiol. Rev., vol. 21, pp. 538–582, 2008

C. P. Kelly and J. T. LaMont, “Clostridium difficile-more difficult than ever,” New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 359, pp. 1932–1940, 2008.

M. C. Enright et al., “The evolutionary history of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA),” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., vol. 99, pp. 7687–7692, 2002.

V. Barbe et al., “Unique features revealed by the genome sequence of Acinetobacter sp. ADP1, a versatile and naturally transformation competent bacterium,” Nucleic Acids Res., vol. 32, pp. 5766–5779, 2004.

N. S. Shah et al., “Worldwide emergence of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis,” Emerg. Infect. Dis., vol. 33, pp. 380–387, 2007.

Sotgiu et al., “Epidemiology and clinical management of XDR-TB: a systematic review by TBNET,” Eur. Respir. J., vol. 33, pp. 871–881, 2009.

A. A. Velayati et al., “Emergence of new forms of totally drug-resistant tuberculosis bacilli: super extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis or totally drug-resistant strains in Iran,” Chest ., vol. 136, pp. 420–425, 2009

D. Yong et al., “Characterization of a new metallo-β-lactamase gene, bla NDM-1, and a novel erythromycin esterase gene carried on a unique genetic structure in Klebsiella pneumoniae sequence type 14 from India,” Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., vol. 53, pp. 5046-5054, 2009.

K. K. Kumarasamy et al., “Emergence of a new antibiotic resistance mechanism in India, Pakistan, and the United Kingdom: a molecular, biological, and epidemiological study,” Lancet Infect. Dis., vol. 10, pp. 597-602, 2010.

Poirel et al., “Emergence of metallo-β-lactamase NDM-1-producing multidrug resistant Escherichia coli in Australia,” Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., vol. 54, pp. 4914-4916, 2010

C. C. Hughes and W. Fenical, “Antibacterials from the sea,” Chemistry, vol. 16, pp. 12512–12525, 2010.

H. Rahman et al., “Novel anti-infective compounds from marine bacteria,” Mar. Drugs, vol. 8, pp. 498–518. 2010.

R. E. Hancock and H. G. Sahl, Antimicrobial and host-defense peptides as new anti-infective therapeutic strategies. Nat. Biotechnol., vol. 24, pp. 1551–1557, 2006.

Makovitzki et al., “Ultrashort antibacterial and antifungal lipopeptides,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., vol. 103, pp. 15997–16002, 2006

A. MacNeil, I. A., C. L. Tiong, C. Minor, M. S. Osburne et al. “Expression and isolation of antimicrobial small molecules from soil DNA libraries,” J. Mol. Microbiol. Biotechnol., vol. 3, pp. 301–308, 2001.

G. T. Robertson et al., “In vitro evaluation of CBR-2092, a novel rifamycin-quinolone hybrid antibiotic: studies of the mode of action in Staphylococcus aureus,” Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., vol. 52, pp. 2313–2323, 2008.

A. E. Clatworthy et al., “Targeting virulence: a new paradigm for antimicrobial therapy,” Nat. Chem. Biol., vol. 3, pp. 541–548, 2007.

A. Negrea et al., “Salicylidene acylhydrazides that affect type III protein secretion in Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium,” Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., vol. 51, pp. 2867–2876, 2007.

D. A. Rasko et al., “Targeting QseC signaling and virulence for antibiotic development,” Science, vol. 321, pp. 1078–1080, 2008.

C. I. Liu et al., “A cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitor blocks Staphylococcus aureus virulence,” Science vol. 319, pp. 1391–1394, 2008.

T. K. Lu and J. J. Collins, “Engineered bacteriophage targeting gene networks as adjuvants for antibiotic therapy,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., vol. 106, pp. 4629–4633, 2009.

Additional Files

Published

2021-11-28