Mapana Journal of Sciences

Leishman Staining for the identification of haemocytes in Bettles

2026-05-19T04:03:19+00:00

Haemocytes in insects play a vital role in immune responses, and their general appearance varies in different groups. Leishman stain is widely used for the staining and identification of blood cells. The present study was conducted to identify the haemocytes of two adult beetles, Pheropsophus sobrinus and Oryctes rhinoceros. Haemocytes were stained with Leishman stain, examined, counted under a microscope and photographed. The cells were identified based on their general appearance, size, shape and position of the nucleus. Prohaemocytes, plasmatocytes, granulocytes, oenocytes, spherulocytes and adipohaemocytes are the major cells identified in the haemolymph. Differential haemocytes count showed a higher percentage of prohaemocytes in both the beetles. Plasmatocytes and adipohaemocytes had the second highest percentages in O. rhinoceros and oenocytes in P. sobrinus. The study enabled us to understand how the haemocytes of different insect species differ in terms of their appearance and number in concomitant with their mode of living.

Experimental and Computational Studies on Photophysical Properties of 1-(3-lodophenoxymethyl)- Benzo[f]Chromen-3-one by Solvatochromic Approaches

2026-05-05T09:35:31+00:00

The iodinated coumarin derivative 1-(3-Iodophenoxymethyl)-Benzo[f]Chromen-3-one (13IBC3) was synthesized and its photophysical properties were studied in polar and nonpolar solvents. The ground and excited state dipole moments were estimated using Lippert's, Bakhshiev's, and Kawaski-Chamma-Viallet's equations. Results showed a bathochromic shift with increasing solvent polarity, indicating a greater excited state dipole moment (μ_e > μ_g). The change in dipole moment (Δμ) was 6.92D (DFT method) and 7.12D (Semiempirical method). The Kamlet and Catalan multiple linear regression analysis revealed that solvent dielectric effects and polarizability have significant influence on spectral characteristics. The excited state has an intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) character. Polar solvents alter the fluorescence properties of coumarin. A theoretical computational study was performed with the Gaussian 16W program using the DFT/B3LYP approach. The UV-visible spectra with solvents were estimated using TD-DFT and which confirmed the experimental findings, providing insights into HOMO-LUMO energies, ESP maps, and nonlinear optical properties. the change in dipole moments was confirmed with experimental value. The study highlights the significant role of solute-solvent interactions in influencing the photophysical properties of 13IBC3 molecule, providing insights into its potential applications. The molecule has biomedical applications and can be used in optoelectronic devices.

Optical and Spectroscopic Studies of 4-[(5-Amino-1-phenylindolizin-3-yl) carbonyl]benzonitrile and Its conjugates with Silver Nanoparticles

2026-04-08T06:12:12+00:00

The present study investigates the spectroscopic behavior of 4-[(5-amino-1-phenylindolizin-3-yl)carbonyl]benzonitrile (4-5APCB) in various solvents of differing polarity. The absorption and fluorescence spectra were recorded to evaluate the solvent effect on the electronic transitions of the molecule. Ground- and excited-state dipole moments were estimated using solvatochromic correlation methods, while the theoretical ground-state dipole moment was calculated using the Gaussian 09 computational package. The dipole moment was found to increase from 7.02 D in the ground state to 14.8 D in the excited singlet state, indicating that 4-5APCB exhibits higher polarity in the excited state across all solvents studied. Furthermore, green-synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were conjugated with 4-5APCB to explore their interactive and photophysical properties. A noticeable quenching of fluorescence intensity was observed in DMSO and ethanol solvents, suggesting the occurrence of strong interaction between the dye and nanoparticles. The results highlight that the conjugation of AgNPs with 4-5APCB enhances their potential as functional photonic and sensing materials, demonstrating their significance in nanomaterial-based optical applications.

A SUSTAINABLE INVENTORY MODEL FOR THE ELECTRICAL ENERGY SUPPLY CHAIN CONSIDERING EMISSION REDUCTION,SETUP COST OPTIMIZATION, AND GREEN TECHNOLOGY INVESTMENT

2026-05-05T03:46:07+00:00

This article presents a mathematical model for a sustainable power supply chain based on linear price-dependent customer demand, with setup cost and carbon emission as choice variables. The sustainable electrical supply chain includes power generation, transmission and distribution substations, and customers. Electricity production rates are determined by consumer demand, which is influenced by the price of electricity generated and transferred through several substations. Capital investment in green technologies can help to cut emissions. Moreover we considered how transmission rates, power generation, and distance between stations affect distribution and transmission costs.Here,we developed a new model based on inventory theory and proposed a strategy for determining the optimal solution. Finally, a numerical example and sensitivity analysis are used to illustrate the study and provide managerial insights.

Dipole Moments and Computational Study of 4(3IP)6MC and 4(3IP)6CLC Iodinated Coumarin Derivatives

2026-03-13T05:47:38+00:00

The comparative spectroscopic properties of the iodinated coumarin derivatives, viz., 4-(3-Iodo-phenoxymethyl)-6-methyl-chromen-2-one [4(3IP)6MC] and 6-Chloro-4-(3-iodo-phenoxymethyl)-chromen-2-one [4(3IP)6ClC], were investigated. Ground-state and excited-state dipole moments were evaluated by employing the solvatochromic shift method through the Lippert, Bakshiev, and Kawski–Chamma–Viallet equations in pure organic solvents at room temperature. Both compounds exhibited a bathochromic shift as a result of the excited-state dipole moments being greater than the ground-state dipole moments. This suggests a higher polarity in the excited state and validates the existence of intramolecular charge transfer. The change of dipole moment was 4.4D for 4(3IP)6MC and 4.9D for 4(3IP)6CLC. The Kamlet-Taft and Catalán linear solvation energy relationship model was further analyzed, revealing that hydrogen bonding interactions dominate over the dielectric interactions and dipolarity contributes to a lesser extent than polarizability for both molecules. The theoretical computational study was carried out with Gaussian 16W at the DFT/B3LYP/3-21G level. The frontier molecular orbitals (FMO) and nonlinear optical (NLO) parameters were evaluated. The results show notable enhanced parameters for 4(3IP)6CLC, indicating its potential as an efficient NLO material for advanced optical and imaging applications.

The Electrical Resistance Modulation in Silver Oxide Thin Films as a function of Thickness

2026-02-26T10:51:59+00:00

Silver oxide (Ag2O) thin films was deposited on to engraved fluorine –doped tin oxide (FTO ) glass surface using the Radio frequency (RF) sputtering technique. Post deposition, the layer was annealed at 200 C for 2 hours .the film thickness varies from 42 nm to 660 nm , was measured with a three dimensional (3D) non contact optical profiler .current voltage (I-V) characteristics was measured at room temperature , it reveals that the electrical resistivity of the thin films increased with increasing thickness. The Vander pauv method was used determine the electrical resistance, X-ray diffraction (XRD) examinations were used to assess the films structural characteristics, and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) was used to analyzed the surface morphology.