Mapana Journal of Sciences

Electrical Resistance Modulation in Silver Oxide Thin Films as a Function of Thickness

2026-02-26T10:51:59+00:00

Silver oxide thin films have been deposited on engraved fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) glass substrates using the radio-frequency (RF) sputtering technique. RF sputtering was selected for its ability to produce uniform, high-quality thin films with good adhesion to the substrate. After deposition, the films have been subjected to post–deposition annealing at 200°C for 2 hours to improve their structural stability and electrical properties. Thicknesses of deposited films vary from 42- 660 nm and was precisely measured utilizing 3Dnon contact optical profiler. The electrical characteristics of Ag₂O thin films have been examined through current–voltage (I-V) measurements performed at room temperature. Results indicate that the electrical resistivity decreased with increasing thin-film thickness due to improved continuity, then increased at higher thicknesses, which can be attributed to changes in grain structure, defect density, and carrier transport mechanisms. Electrical resistance measurements were performed using the Vander Pauw method, ensuring accurate resistivity measurements for thin-film samples. Structural analysis of deposited films was conducted using X-ray diffraction (XRD), which provided insights into the crystallographic phases and orientations of the Silver Oxide films. Additionally, surface morphology and microstructural properties have been studied using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), providing information on grain size, surface uniformity, and film continuity.

Optical and Spectroscopic Studies of 4- [(5-Amino-1-phenylindolizin-3-yl) carbonyl] benzonitrile and Its Conjugates with Silver Nanoparticles

2026-04-08T06:12:12+00:00

The present study investigates the spectroscopic behaviour of 4-[(5-amino-1-phenylindolizin-3-yl) carbonyl] benzonitrile (4-5APCB) in various solvents of differing polarity. The absorption and fluorescence spectra were recorded to evaluate the solvent effect on the electronic transitions of the molecule. Ground- and excited-state dipole moments were estimated using solvatochromic correlation methods, while the theoretical ground-state dipole moment was calculated using the Gaussian 09 computational package. The dipole moment was found to increase from 0.473 D in the ground state to 14.8 D in the excited singlet state, indicating that 4-5APCB exhibits higher polarity in the excited state across all solvents studied. Furthermore, green-synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were conjugated with 4-5APCB to explore their interactive and photophysical properties. Quenching of fluorescence intensity was observed in DMSO and ethanol solvents, showing the occurrence of a strong interaction between the dye and nanoparticles. This highlights that the conjugation of AgNPs with 4-5APCB enhances their potential as functional photonic and sensing materials, demonstrating their significance in nanomaterial-based optical applications.

Experimental and Computational Studies on Photophysical Properties of 1-(3-lodophenoxy methyl)-Benzo[f]Chromen-3-one by Solvatoch romic Approaches

2026-05-05T09:35:31+00:00

The iodinated derivative 13IBC3 was synthesized and its photophysical properties were studied in polar and nonpolar solvents. The ground- and excited-state dipole moments were estimated using equations. Results showed a bathochromic shift with increasing solvent polarity, indicating a larger excited-state dipole moment (μ_e > μ_g). The change in dipole moment (Δμ) was 6.92D (DFT method) and 7.12D (Semiempirical method). The Kamlet and Catalan multiple linear regression analysis revealed that solvent dielectric constants and polarizability significantly influence spectral characteristics. The excited state exhibits intramolecular charge-transfer (ICT) character. Polar solvents alter the fluorescence properties of coumarin. The computational study was carried out with the Gaussian 16W program using the B3LYP. UV-visible spectra of solvated species were calculated using TD-DFT, which confirmed the experimental findings and provided insights into HOMO-LUMO energies, ESP maps, and nonlinear optical properties. The change in dipole moment matched the experimental value.

Dipole Moments and Computational Study of 4(3IP)6MC and 4(3IP)6CLC Iodinated Coumarin Derivatives

2026-03-13T05:47:38+00:00

The spectroscopic properties of iodinated coumarin derivatives of 4(3-Iodophenoxymethl)-6-methyl-chromen-2one [4(3IP)6MT] and 6-chloro-4(3-Iodophynoxymethyl)-chromen-2onewere compared experimentally. In pure organic solvents at room temperature, dipole moments (µ_g and µ_e) were evaluated using the solvatochromic shift method with Lippert, Bakshiev, and Kawski–Chamma–Viallet equations. The 4(3IP)6MC shows moderate ICT, largely influenced by hydrogen bonding in protic solvents; 4(3IP)6CLC demonstrates pronounced ICT even in nonpolar environments, suggesting stronger donor–acceptor interactions and a highly polar excited state. The change of dipole moments in 4(3IP)6CLC (4.9 D) is more than in 4(3IP)6MC (4.4 D). Further, the Kamlet-Taft and Catalán linear solvation energy relationship model was analyzed, revealing that in 4(3IP)6ClC, chlorine substitution enhances polarizability effects and reduces hydrogen-bonding contributions compared to 4(3IP)6MC with methyl substitution. In the theoretical computational study, (FMO, MEP and NLO) frontier molecular orbital, molecular electrostatic potential and nonlinear optical parameters were evaluated using the DFT/B3LYP/3-21G level in Gaussian 16W. The results indicate enhanced NLO properties for 4(3IP)6ClC, suggesting its suitability as a promising material for advanced optical and imaging applications.

Rietveld refinement, electrochemical and CW laser-induced third-order NLO properties of (Mg+Ag) and (Mg+Li) doped thin films of CdO

2026-05-27T09:08:56+00:00

Thin films of CdO doped with (Mg+Ag) and (Mg+Li) were spray deposited. Rietveld refined XRD patterns confirmed the cubic nature of the deposited films. Crystallite sizes were 29 and 24 nm for the (Mg+Ag) and (Mg+Li) thin films, respectively. The third-order nonlinear absorption of both films exhibits reverse saturable absorption due to two-photon absorption, and they have high refractive indices. Compared to (Mg+Ag), the (Mg+Li)- codoped film exhibits a high susceptibility of 4.39 × 10^-6 esu due to the localised electric-field effect induced by Li+ ion incorporation. The enhanced nonlinear optical behaviour observed in the (Mg+Li)- codoped film makes it potentially suitable for optical switching devices. The presence of anodic and cathodic peaks demonstrates the pseudocapacitive nature of MA and ML. The specific capacitance (C_S), charge transfer resistance (R_CT) values were estimated to be 123.6 F/g, 92.8 x 10³ ohms and 189.2 F/g, 47.4 x 10³ ohms for (Mg+Ag) and (Mg+Li) thin films, respectively. Increased C_S and R_CT values realized for the (Mg+Li) codoped film confirmed its utility in electrochemical devices, especially as a pseudocapacitor.

A Sustainable Inventory Model for the Electrical Energy Supply Chain Considering Emission Reduction, Setup-cost Optimization, and Green Technology Investment

2026-05-05T03:46:07+00:00

This article provides an analytical framework for a sustainable power supply chain based on linear, price-dependent customer demand, with setup costs and carbon emissions as choice variables. Customers, transmission and distribution substations, and power generation are all part of the sustainable electrical supply chain. Electricity production rates are determined by consumer demand, which is influenced by the price of electricity generated and by its transfer through several substations. Capital investment in green technologies can help to cut emissions. Additionally, we examined how distribution and transmission costs are affected by transmission rates, power generation, and the distance between stations. Here, we developed a new model based on inventory theory and proposed a strategy for determining the optimal solution. Lastly, the study demonstrates its findings and offers managerial insights through a sensitivity analysis and numerical illustration.

A New Type of Nano Generalized Closed Sets in Nano Topological Spaces with Applications to Attribute Reduction in Student Dropout Risk

2026-06-04T05:35:23+00:00

This research study focuses on the notion of -closed sets, which play a significant role in the structural analysis of nano topological spaces and the development of generalized topological concepts. The -closed sets is introduced as a new class of nano generalized closed sets formulated within the framework of nano topology. In this study, the concept of -closed sets is defined and investigated through its fundamental properties and characteristic features. The relationships between -closed sets and several existing classes of nano closed sets are also established and analyzed. Moreover, the notions of -interior and -closure are characterized using -closed sets, highlighting their structural behavior and topological significance within nano topological spaces. Further, the concept is applied to attribute reduction in student dropout risk analysis in higher education. By using nano topological bases, the key attributes affecting dropout risk are identified. The study shows that the proposed method can be effectively used for decision-making problems.

Exploratory Data-Driven Insights on Lower Limb Health of Female Teaching Professionals: A Survey

2026-05-27T06:25:31+00:00

Gait or walking is a fundamental activity that has an influence over our health. Variations in gait or walking patterns among female teaching professionals are prevalent. This survey discusses the data-driven analysis related to work habits, physical health, and lower limb health. The main aim of this study is to see how these factors affect the overall gait health of the individual. A survey was conducted on 46 female teaching professionals in higher education where they responded to the questions on their ergonomic, health, and lower limb conditions. A data-driven analysis was conducted on the data to answer the research questions. The data-driven analysis reveals that long hours of standing at work, type of shoes worn, and the presence of symptoms in the lower limbs increase the pain and discomfort felt by female teaching professionals. Interventions in ergonomic conditions and sensitisation through health education are needed to curb the presence of such conditions, which lead to musculoskeletal disorders. This study helps to understand that small changes in lifestyle may improve gait and how the regular physical activities can be corrected if required.

Leishman staining for the identification of haemocytes in beetles

2026-05-19T04:03:19+00:00

Haemocytes in insects play a vital role in immune responses, and their general appearance varies in different groups. Leishman stain is widely used for the staining and identification of blood cells. The present study was conducted to identify the haemocytes of two adult beetles, Pheropsophus sobrinus and Oryctes rhinoceros. Haemocytes were stained with Leishman stain, examined, counted under a microscope and photographed. The cells were identified based on their general appearance, size, shape and position of the nucleus. Prohaemocytes, plasmatocytes, granulocytes, oenocytes, spherulocytes and adipohaemocytes are the major cells identified in the haemolymph. Differential haemocytes count showed a higher percentage of prohaemocytes in both the beetles. Plasmatocytes and adipohaemocytes had the second highest percentages in O. rhinoceros and oenocytes in P. sobrinus. The study enabled us to understand how the haemocytes of different insect species differ in terms of their appearance and number in concomitant with their mode of living.