Mapana Journal of Sciences

PT-Symmetry in 2 x 2 Matrix Polynomials Formed by Pauli Matrices

Stalin Abraham — 2024-12-23

2 × 2 matrix polynomials of the form P_n(z) = Σⁿ_j=0 σjz^j, for the cases n = 1,2,3 are constructed, and the nature of PT-symmetry is examined across different points z = (x, y) in the complex plane. The PT-symmetric properties
of P_n(z) can be characterized by two functions, denoted by s(x, y) and h(x, y). If the trace of the matrix polynomial is
real, then the points at which it can exhibit PT-symmetry are defined by the family of curves s(x, y) = 0. Additionally,
at points where the function h(x, y) ≥ 0, the matrix polynomial exhibits unbroken PT-symmetry; otherwise, it exhibits
broken PT-symmetry. The intersection points of the curves s(x, y) = 0 and h(x, y) = k, for a given k ∈ R, are shown
to lie on an ellipse, hyperbola, two lines passing through the origin, or a straight line, depending on the nature of PTsymmetry of the matrix polynomial. The PT-symmetric behaviour of P_n(z) at the zeros of the matrix polynomial is also
studied.

DFT Studies on Excited State Geometry, Vibrational Modes, NMR, Molecular Orbital and Mulliken Charges of Laser Dye

Shivraj G Gounhalli — 2024-12-23

The laser dye 2, 5-diphenyl-1, 3, 4-oxadiazole (PPD), which has many uses in science and technology, has been the topic of DFT investigation using the Gaussian 16. Laser dye geometry has been optimised at the 6-311G++(d, p)/B3LYP basis set using the DFT approach. A graphic representation of the overall energy variation as a function of optimisation phases is shown. The DFT approach yielded a ground state dipole moment of 3.61 Debye. A computational technique called TD-DFT at 6-311++G (d, p)/B3LYP basis set has been utilised to analyse the UV-visible spectra of laser dye in ethanol. The eccentric state geometry yielded parameters such as absorption maxima, oscillator strength, and excited-state energy. The dipole moment in the excited state is about 5.11 Debye. The excited state's dipole moment is larger than the ground state's. The DFT and TD-DFT techniques were used to determine the Mulliken atomic charges. Chemical shifts and vibrational modes have been studied using NMR and IR spectroscopy, respectively. Atomic charges and electron densities can be used to determine a molecule's dipole moment and charge distribution. Given the small HOMO-LUMO energy gap, the molecule should be soft. The electrostatic potential map is used to identify the molecule's electrophilic and nucleophilic locations. According to these investigations, the molecule might be used in optoelectronics.

Optimisation Study of Efficiency of Ionic Liquids as Catalyst for Hydrolysis of Waste Nylon-66

Sunil Chikte — 2024-12-23

With the increasing rate of production and usage of nylon-66, the environmental effect of plastics is a global concern. The widespread and careless use and disposal of these non-biodegradable materials has severely disrupted the environment and its biodiversity. To overcome these problems, ionic liquids have shown efficient potential as catalysts for hydrolysis waste nylon-66 into dibenzoyl derivatives of hexamethylenediamine (DBHMD) and adipic acid. Ionic liquids [emim]BF₄, [bmim]BF₄, and [bmim]PF₆ successfully catalysed the hydrolysis of waste nylon-66 at different extents. 1.9 g (.1 mol) of [emim]BF₄ has shown the maximum catalytic efficiency during hydrolysis of nylon-66 at 120 °C for five hours. In comparison, 2.3 g (.1 mol) of [bmim]BF₄ and 2.8 g (.1 mol) of [bmim]PF₆ showed the maximum catalytic properties at 120 °C for seven and nine hours, respectively. However, the hydrophilic nature of IL [emim]BF₄ has shown more efficiency as a catalyst in the hydrolysis of waste nylon-66.

Novel Approach For Personal Identification Using Dorsal Knuckle Crease Patterns: A Pilot Study

Prachi Sharma Biswas — 2024-12-23

Despite the availability of various identification methods, such as fingerprints, ridge density, palm prints, and vein patterns, forensic identification remains a complex challenge. While substantial research has been conducted on the palmar surface of the hand, there has been limited focus on the dorsal surface for identification purposes. The dorsal surface, like fingerprints, contains minutiae and skin crease patterns believed to be permanent. The crease patterns present on the dorsal side of the proximal interphalangeal joints are known as knuckle crease patterns.

This research aimed to classify and examine the characteristics of dorsal finger knuckle crease patterns and to explore their potential for determining sex. A total of 800 finger image samples were collected from 80 subjects. The knuckle crease patterns were categorised into six distinct types: Horizontal, Vertical, Oblique, Semi-lunar, Mixed, and Cross patterns. Additionally, the study investigated sex determination based on the distance between creases, revealing that males tend to have a greater average distance between ridges than females. This difference was statistically confirmed using a t-test with a 95% confidence level.

The findings indicate that finger knuckle crease patterns are unique, individual, and classifiable, making them a valuable tool for identification and potentially aiding forensic investigations.

Identification of active leads in Andrographis paniculata leaves for controlling the growth of two opportunistic bacteria

Vinod P Raphael — 2024-12-23

Opportunistic pathogens like E. faecalis and K. pneumoniae exploit weakened immune systems, causing diverse infections, often resistant to antibiotics. This study explored Andrographis paniculata's potential against these pathogens. Extracts from its leaves, notably acetone, showed significant inhibitory effects on both bacteria. GC-MS analysis identified eighteen compounds; three showed promising drug-like properties. Molecular docking studies revealed Andrographolide's efficacy against essential bacterial enzymes. It inhibited triphosphohydrolase, lactate dehydrogenase, and lipoyl synthase in E. faecalis, and dihydrofolate reductase and SHV-11 beta-lactamase in K. pneumoniae. Andrographolide holds promise for developing novel antibacterial therapeutics. This research underscores the importance of exploring plant-based remedies in combating antibiotic-resistant pathogens, offering potential alternatives for pharmaceutical intervention. Further investigation into the mechanisms of action and in vivo efficacy of Andrographis paniculata extracts and their active compounds is warranted to advance their therapeutic potential in clinical settings.

Fake News Detection in Low Resource Language Using Machine Learning Techniques and SMOTE

Rajalakshmi S — 2024-12-23

Fake content dissemination is a significant challenge in the era of digital information. This paper discusses the critical issues in detecting fake content in news articles of low-resource languages, specifically focusing on the Tamil language, where the availability of labelled data and advanced natural language processing tools are limited. We employ traditional machine learning models to mitigate this problem, with a particular emphasis on the detection and classification of fake and real content in the context of Tamil news. Our study explores the performance of different models like logistic regression, support vector machines (SVM), naive Bayes, k-nearest neighbours (KNN), decision trees, random forests and passive-aggressive classifiers. By conducting a comprehensive comparative analysis of these models within the challenging linguistic environment of Tamil, we aim to provide insights into their suitability for detecting fake content in low-resource languages and draw meaningful comparisons between their performance.

Transforming Health Management HelenHands for Sensory Impairment Accessibility

Archisa Biswas — 2024-12-23

HelenHands, an Android application Tool, offers a range of features, including the Virtual White Cane for spatial awareness, Let's Chat for real-time sign language translation, SOS Reach for emergency assistance, and the Wellness Aware-Enabler for promoting proactive health behaviours. We outline a step-by-step illustration of the stage-wise breakdown given in the approach. In summary, our process includes six stages, each focusing on the mechanism and
interaction of a particular tool. The results of the machine learning models were also promising, particularly concerning the Let's Chat ministry and the translation of fingerspelled characters to their text equivalent in real-time. The outcomes of this research show progress in the use of technology to increase accessibility and improve user experiences in populations with diverse needs. This paper on HelenHands, is a part of how technology can be another factor in enhancing diversity and inclusion in digital contexts.

Some Graph Invariants of the Identity Graph of Non-cyclic group Zm X Zn

Archana Rajeev — 2024-12-23

In this paper, we discuss some graph invariants such as connectivity, minimum degree, independence number, matching number, covering numbers and chromatic numbers of the identity graph of Z_m × Z_n where gcd(m, n) 6 is not equal to 1.

Separation Axioms Associated With Simple Digraphs and Topological Spaces

Eswari — 2025-01-06

The main idea of this article is to define a fuzzy crisp set, intuitionistic crisp set and neutrosophic crisp set from simple digraphs. These sets have their own impact to generate the subbasis which in turn yields topological spaces. Moreover, an attempt has been made to extend our concept in induced subgraphs that lead us to relative topology. We have also formalized the structural equivalence of the isomorphic graphs and the topologies induced by them. A comparison between topologies has been made for some types of connected digraphs. Also, we have defined separation axioms on digraphs and related them to the topological separation axioms.

A mini-review on laser-produced plasma in an external magnetic field: Plasma confinement and optical emission enhancement

Khwairakpam Shantakumar Singh — 2024-12-23

The present work aims to provide an overview of magnetic-assisted ablation and subsequent production of plasma by laser. The paper discusses physical phenomena involved in magnetic field-assisted ablation, such as laser ablation efficiency enhancement, improvement in optical emission, plasma plume confinement, instability, and so on. It systematically reviews the studies conducted in the previous seven years on the effect of magnetic field on material removal using laser, which will help researchers in assessing current challenges and uses of magnetized laser plasma. It describes experimental techniques such as optical emission spectroscopy and imaging. This paper aims to help researchers investigating laser plasmas in understanding the fundamentals of magnetic field-assisted laser ablation, specifically focusing on physical phenomena, major challenges, methodologies, and applications.