Mapana Journal of Sciences

Enzymetic Synthesis of Structured Lipids

Rajkamal Kushwaha — 2026-10-13

Structured lipids (SLs) are designed lipids that incorporate structural modifications within the structure of the fatty acids and their position on the glycerol backbone in order to achieve superior properties in terms of nutrition, functionality, and physicochemical aspects when compared with normal lipids. This review highlights the production of SLs through enzymatic means using. Enzyme-based SL synthesis is the most efficient and eco-friendly process owing to the ability of enzymes to facilitate highly regioselective reactions under mild conditions and produce minimal by-products. Several types of structured lipids can be produced through enzymatic means; these include monoacylglycerols, diacylglycerols, triacylglycerols, and phospholipid-based lipids. In addition to a detailed discussion about each of these structured lipids and their synthesis pathway, important aspects like the effect of reaction parameters on product formation and enzyme immobilization technology are also covered.

Dynamic process model for carbon sequestration of Casuarina equisetifolia based biomass

Jyoti Bhattacharjee — 2026-09-21

The paper depicts the process of simulation and application to biomass such as Casuarina equisetifolia to gasify by Aspen Plus with air-blown gasification under reactor temperatures ranging from 700°C to 900°C. The process model included drying, separation, and reaction processes. In this case, the biomass feed rate and air-to-biomass (A/B) ratio were constant, and when the reactor temperature increased, initially, a rise in the hydrogen mass flow rate occurred and then remained constant when the reactor temperature was above 800°C. Concurrently, the carbon dioxide (CO₂) became less, which can be inferred that the essence of the run of the chemical reactions was switched to carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H₂) being formed, such that the conventional chemical reactions were producing CO₂. As the A/B ratio increased for a fixed temperature of 750°C, the CO₂ concentration increased, though CO and methane (CH₄) decreased, and then the H₂ concentration was approximately steady. Such behavior caused the syngas mass-flow rate to fall when A/B is considerably high; then, syngas constituents would cross over into more complete combustion to produce more CO₂ at the expense of CO and CH₄, as demonstrated in this paper, to indicate significant understanding of the gasification process. This paper provides novel, valuable, nuanced guidance for work on Casuarina equisetifolia, a less-understood and infrequently studied but locally relevant biomass material, while simultaneously addressing the disconnect between equilibrium behaviors and the behavior of reactors found in industrial applications. The unified use of these components is a value-added step that, in their use together, advances the field in the future by providing another accurate, flexible, and practical simulation tool for biomass gasification.

Enzymatic responses of Culex quinquefasciatus Say larvae to Clerodendrum infortunatum Linn extract

Sheenu A S — 2026-09-18

Mosquitoes are of serious public health concern due to their vector competence. Among mosquitoes, Culex quinquefasciatus, commonly known as the Southern house mosquito, is of major importance due to its potency to spread Lymphatic filariasis. Due to the emergence of resistance to synthetic insecticides, more emphasis is now placed on plant-based compounds. In the present study, Clerodendrum infortunatum, a member of the Lamiaceae family, is investigated for its insecticidal potency against Culex quinquefasciatus larvae. Treatment using the acetone extract of Clerodendrum infortunatum against the fourth-instar larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus showed severe changes in the enzyme profile of the treated sample compared with the control. The activities of the antioxidant enzymes SOD, CAT, and GPx decreased, while GST levels increased compared with control levels. A significant decrease was observed in the neuroregulatory enzyme Acetylcholinesterase and the osmoregulatory enzyme Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase. Extract of Clerodendrum infortunatum thus adversely affects the growth and metabolism of Culex quinquefasciatus, leading to larval mortality.

Phytochemical Characterization and Biological Properties of Justicia adhatoda L. Leaves: An Investigation Using HPTLC and GC-MS Techniques

Parameswari A — 2026-09-18

The present study was undertaken to characterize the phytochemical constituents and evaluate the biological activities of Justicia adhatoda L. using different analytical approaches. Qualitative phytochemical screening indicated the occurrence of alkaloids, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, and tannins, whereas anthocyanins, glycosides, and terpenoids were not detected. Among the quantified phytoconstituents, alkaloids and flavonoids were present at relatively higher levels, with concentrations of 8.46 and 8.24 µg/mL, respectively, followed by tannins at 4.12 µg/mL.The antibacterial potential of the plant extracts was examined against selected bacterial strains, and the methanolic extract exhibited the highest inhibitory effect against Enterobacter, showing activity comparable to that of streptomycin. The antioxidant properties of the extracts were further investigated through DPPH and ABTS radical-scavenging assays. Considerable antioxidant activity was observed, particularly with the methanol and ethyl acetate fractions. Spectroscopic and chromatographic investigations using UV-Visible spectroscopy and HPTLC demonstrated characteristic absorption patterns and several prominent chromatographic peaks, indicating the presence of diverse phytochemical constituents. GC-MS profiling subsequently revealed eleven compounds, with fatty acid derivatives and terpenoid-related compounds constituting the major identified components.

Chitosan, a semi-synthetic polymer driven electrical and third-order nonlinear optical enhancement of SrTiO3 perovskite

R Sridevi — 2026-09-18

The chemical precipitation method was employed to synthesize SrTiO₃ (ST) and chitosan-loaded SrTiO₃ (CST) NPs. Cubic crystal structures with substantial (1 1 0) preferential development are seen in both ST and CST. The band gaps calculated were 3.19 and 3.07 eV, respectively, for ST and CST. The sheet resistance (R_sh), resistivity (ρ) values of ST and CST were 8.6 x 10⁴ Ω/cm, 3.56 x 10¹ Ω/cm and, 2.68 x 10² Ω/cm, 1.95 x 10^-1 Ω/cm, respectively. From the Z- scan studies, the negative nonlinear refractive index that both samples display on closed aperture curves indicates that they are self-defocusing, with two-photon absorption, ST and CST’s open aperture curves are reverse saturable. Chitosan loading enhanced SrTiO₃’s nonlinear refractive index from 4.85 to 5.88 x 10^-8 cm²/W, absorption coefficient from 2.02 to 2.97 x 10^-6 cm/W, respectively. A high third-order nonlinear susceptibility (3.99 x 10^-6esu) realized for CST confirmed its utility in optical switching devices.

Experimental and Model Studies of Ge10Se90 Sample

Deepak Sharma — 2026-09-18

Ge₁₀Se₉₀ is a Group IV–VI semiconductor glassy material synthesized by the melt-quenching technique. Its optical properties were studied using UV–Visible spectroscopy. The optical band gap of the sample was found to be 1.95 eV. The increase in band gap compared to the bulk value indicates quantum confinement effects, confirming the nano-dimensional nature of the material. The wavelength dependence of the refractive index was analyzed using the Wemple–DiDomenico single-oscillator model. From this model, parameters such as the single-oscillator energy (E₀) and dispersion energy (E_d) were determined, and their values reflect the influence of nano-dimensional effects. The Sellmeier model was also applied to obtain parameters such as oscillator strength and average oscillator wavelength. The Abbe number of the glass was calculated to be 17.21, which is smaller than that of flint glass (Abbe number ≈ 25). The lower Abbe number indicates higher chromatic dispersion. The material exhibits normal dispersion behavior, as the first derivative of the refractive index with respect to wavelength (dn/dλ) is less than zero.

Balanced Traffic Splitting in Communication Network Using Parity Sum Cordial Labelling of Graphs

Elizabeth Augustine — 2026-09-18

Labeling of graph is the assignment of integers to the elements of a graph such as vertices, edges or both. This process gives an easiest way of modelling real world networks. Different types of labeling are available in the literature. Parity sum cordial labeling is a new graph labeling that we defined in this paper. Let G₁be a (p, q) graph. Let f_v be an injective map from vertex set of G₁ to {1, 2, .....p}. For each edge {x, y} assign the label f_v(x) + f_v(y). f_v is named a parity sum cordial labeling (PSC-labeling), if f_v is a bijective map and |e(0) - e(1)| <=1, where e(0) and e(1) denote the number of edges labelled with even numbers and odd numbers respectively. A graph which follows partiy sum cordial labeling is a parity sum cordial graph (PSC graph). Also we investigate the PSC-labeling behaiour of path graph, cycle graph, comb graph, complete graph and illustrated Balanced Traffic Splitting in communication networ, using PSC Labeling. With this routers or load balancers can direct traffic based on parity and maintain equal load on both ports. It helps to avoid server overload.

A Temperature-Structured PDE Model for Population Dynamics

Alphy Joseph — 2026-09-18

This paper proposes a population model structured by temperature, in which thermal variation is incorporated directly as a continuous internal variable rather than treated as an external input. The resulting formulation leads to a non-linear parabolic partial differential equation that includes diffusion along the temperature axis to represent environmental variability and redistribution effects. Population growth and decay are governed by temperature-dependent nonlinear terms of logistic type. The analytical study is conducted in an infinite-dimensional functional setting. The construction of solutions is achieved by approximating the system within finite-dimensional subspaces and then passing to the limit using suitable compactness properties together with uniform estimates. In addition, uniqueness is obtained by exploiting continuity conditions imposed on the nonlinear reaction component and applying integral inequality techniques. These results collectively guarantee the well-posedness of the model. From a biological standpoint, the formulation captures how populations adjust their distribution across heterogeneous thermal environments, offering a more realistic description than classical ordinary differential or stage-based approaches. The framework is particularly relevant in situations where temperature strongly regulates biological processes, such as in ectothermic species and vector-borne disease dynamics under climate variability. Overall, this study provides a mathematically consistent foundation for temperature-structured population models and supports further theoretical development as well as numerical exploration of environmentally structured systems.

Webpage Recommendation System for Healthcare Issue Using Reinforcement Learning Algorithm

Anusuya S — 2026-09-18

World Wide Web is an immense repository of information, the sheer volume of data makes it challenging to locate specific information easily. Recommendation Systems (RS) are designed to alleviate this issue by identifying similar items and customers based on their behaviour, subsequently suggesting items tailored to individual preferences. The RS involves RL (Reinforcement Learning)-based RS approaches used to overcome existing limitations by fusing RL with self-supervised sequential learning. However, these approaches often suffer from biases in estimating Q-values. It exclusively depends To rectify this, a novel strategy incorporating Supervised Negative Q-learning and Supervised Advantage Actor-Critic has been introduced. This work proposes a solution to enhance stability by merging RL with sequential modelling, contrastive-based objectives, and negative sampling methods, alongwith contrastive learning and conservative Q-learning. Together, these components improve performance and stability. The proposed method validates its effectiveness through empirical results obtained from real-world datasets.