Research Articles
Published 2021-08-28
Keywords
- Algal Fuel,
- Mixotrophic Cultivation,
- Crude Glycerol,
- Nitrogen Sources,
- Phosphorus Addition
Copyright (c) 2019
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Abstract
Microalgae have great potential for the production of lipids that can be converted into biodiesel. Glycerol is generated as a by-product of the transesterification reaction of the lipid produced by the algae into biodiesel. The process of converting this crude glycerol into the pharmaceutical grade is expensive. Also, glycerol formation from biodiesel production creates surplus glycerol reserves. In this review, the use of crude glycerol as a carbon source for the mixotrophic growth of Chlorella Sp. is discussed. Addition of other nutritional sources like nitrogen and phosphorus was also systematically studied and the relationship between the concentration of these nutrients and the growth pattern of the algae was analyzed which is presented in the article as well.
, , Crude Glycerol, Nitrogen Sources, Phosphorus Addition
References
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[24] M. P. Rai, T. Gautom and N. Sharma, Effect of Salinity, pH, light intensity on growth and lipid production of microalgae for bioenergy application, OnLine Journal of Biological Sciences, 2015, 15(4), 260-267.
[25] R. Yadavalli, C. S. Rao, D. C. Reddy, K.S.R. Sivasai, S. R. Rao, Effect of different culture media on cell concentrations of Chlorella pyrenoidosa under photoautotrophic conditions”, International Journal of Natural and Engineering Sciences, 2010, 4(3), 53-57
[2] J. Wang, H. Yang and F. Wang, Mixotrophic cultivation of microalgae for biodiesel production: status and prospects, Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol, 2014, 172: 3307.
[3] H. Choi and S. Yu, Influence of crude glycerol on the biomass and lipid content of microalgae, Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment, 2015, 29(3), 506-513.
[4] W. Kong, H. Yang, T. Yun, H. Song, S. Hua and X. Chun-Gu, Effect of glycerol and glucose on the enhancement of bio-mass, lipid and soluble carbohydrate production by Chlorella vulgaris in mixotrophic culture”, Food Technology and Biotechnology, 2012, 51(1): 62-69.
[5] T. Iago, A. Zouhayr, C. Fábio, O. Carolina, P. Vargas-Machuca, José Antonio, A. P. Fernando, D. Janice Izabel, N. I. Andrade, From waste to energy: microalgae production in wastewater and glycerol, Applied Energy, 2013, 109, 283 – 290.
[6] T. Heredia-Arroyo, W. Wei and B. Hu, Oil accumulation via heterotrophic/mixotrophic Chlorella protothecoides, Appl Biochem Biotechnol, 2010, 162, 1978–1995.
[7] A. Guccione, N. Biondi, G. Sampietro, L. Rodolfi, N. Bassi and M. R Tredici, Chlorella for protein and biofuels: from strain selection to outdoor cultivation in a Green Wall Panel photobioreactor, Biotechnology for Biofuels, 2014, 7, 84.
[8] T. Heredia-Arroya, W. Wei, R. Ruan, B. Huc, Mixotrophic cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris and its potential application for the oil accumulation from non-sugar materials”, Biomass and Bioenergy, 2011, 35, 2245-223.
[9] I. O. Ogbonna and J. C. Ogbonna, Effects of carbon source on growth characteristics and lipid accumulation by Microalga Dictyosphaerium sp. with potential for biodiesel production, Energy and Power Engineering, 2018, 10, 29-42.
[10] Y. Liang, N. Sarkany and Yi Cui, Biomass and lipid productivities of Chlorella vulgaris under autotrophic, heterotrophic and mixotrophic growth conditions”, Biotechnol Lett, 2009, 31, 1043– 1049.
[11] J. O’Grady and J. A. Morgan, Heterotrophic growth and lipid production of Chlorella protothecoides on glycerol, Bioprocess Biosyst Eng, 2011, 34, 121–125.
[12] H. M. Amaro, A. C. Guedes and F. Xavier Malcata, Advances and perspectives in using microalgae to produce biodiesel”, Applied Energy, 2011, 88, 3402–3410.
[13] C. García, F. G. Camacho, A. S. Mirón, J. M. F. Sevilla, Y. Chisti and E. M. Grima, Mixotrophic Production of Marine Microalga Phaeodactylum tricornutum on Various Carbon Sources”, J. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 2006, 16(5), 689–694.
[14] W. Kong, H. Song, Y. Cao, H. Yang, S. Hua and C. Xia, The characteristics of biomass production, lipid accumulation and chlorophyll biosynthesis of Chlorella vulgaris under mixotrophic cultivation”, African Journal of Biotechnology, 2011, 10(55), pp. 11620-11630.
[15] Y.Chen and T. H. Walker, Biomass and lipid production of heterotrophic microalgae Chlorella protothecoides by using biodiesel-derived crude glycerol”, Biotechnol Lett., 2011, 33(10), 1973-83.
[16] S. Cho, D. Lee, T. T. Luong, S. Park, Y. Oh and T. Lee, Effects of carbon and nitrogen sources on fatty acid contents and composition in the green Microalga, Chlorella sp. 227, J. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 2011, 21(10), 1073–1080.
[17] Y. Shen, Z. Pei, W. Yuan, E. Mao, Effect of nitrogen and extraction method on algae lipid yield, Int J Agric & Biol Eng., 2009, 2(1), 51-56.
[18] S. Nigam, M. P. Rai and R. Sharma, Effect of nitrogen on growth and lipid content of Chlorella pyrenoidosa, American Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 2011, 7(3), 124-129.
[19] C. Li, Y. Yu, D. Zhang, J. Liu, N. Rena and Y. Fenga, Combined effects of carbon, phosphorus and nitrogen on lipid accumulation of Chlorella vulgaris in mixotrophic culture”, Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, 2014, 9(3).
[20] F. Chu, P. Chu, P. Cai, W. Li, P. K.S. Lam and R. J. Zeng, Phosphorus plays an important role in enhancing biodiesel productivity of Chlorella vulgaris under nitrogen deficiency”, Bioresource Technology, 2011, 134, 341–346.
[21] Y. Li, F. Han, H. Xu, J. Mu, D. Chen, B. Feng and H. Zeng, Potential lipid accumulation and growth characteristic of the green alga Chlorella with combination cultivation mode of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P)”, Bioresource Technology, 2014, 174, 24-32.
[22] K. Liang, Q. Zhang, M. Gu and W. Cong, Effect of phosphorus on lipid accumulation in freshwater microalga Chlorella sp., J Appl Phycol., 2013, 25, 311–318.
[23] M. F. Blair, B. Kokabian, V. G. Gude, Light and growth medium effect on Chlorella vulgaris biomass production, Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2014, 2, 665–674.
[24] M. P. Rai, T. Gautom and N. Sharma, Effect of Salinity, pH, light intensity on growth and lipid production of microalgae for bioenergy application, OnLine Journal of Biological Sciences, 2015, 15(4), 260-267.
[25] R. Yadavalli, C. S. Rao, D. C. Reddy, K.S.R. Sivasai, S. R. Rao, Effect of different culture media on cell concentrations of Chlorella pyrenoidosa under photoautotrophic conditions”, International Journal of Natural and Engineering Sciences, 2010, 4(3), 53-57