Wettability Gradients on Soft Surfaces
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12723/mjs.53.5Keywords:
Soft surfaces, Wettability, Surface gradients, Droplet movement, Hydrophobicity, HydrophilicityAbstract
Properties, behaviors, and applications of soft materials depend decisively on the characteristics of their surfaces. Physical features and chemical functionality of the soft surfaces control their interactions with the surroundings thereby deciding their responses to various physical and chemical phenomena. A gradient of such surface features i.e, a gradual change in a chemical or physical characteristic across a surface will result in a gradual change in the response of the surface to its surroundings in the same direction. Chemical as well as physical (morphological) gradients on soft surface enable useful properties pertinent to a variety of fields such as microfluidics, surface coatings, sensing, optics, and biology. Numerous methods have been used for the preparation of chemical as well as morphological gradients. Practical applications of soft surface gradients require stable large-scale surfaces with precisely controlled directionality and resolution of the gradients. Wettability gradients are one of the prominent classes of gradients created on soft surfaces. These gradients are constituted by gradual increase or decrease of hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity across a surface. One-dimensional (1D) as well as two-dimensional (2D) wettability gradients are fabricated with different patterns. This short review will summarize the advancements in the preparation, properties, and applications of wettability gradients on soft surfaces. Qualitative description of the fabrication processes, properties, and practical applications of the gradients are included along with our comments about the future prospects of these systems.
References
J. Genzer and R. R. Bhat, “Surface-bound soft matter gradients,” Langmuir, vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 2294–2317, 2008, doi; 10.1021/la7033164
J. Genzer, “Soft Matter Gradient Surfaces,” A John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Publication, doi;10.1002/9781118166086
J. Genzer, “Surface-Bound Gradients for Studies of Soft Materials Behavior,” Annu. Rev. Mater. Res., vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 435–468, 2012, doi; 10.1146/annurev-matsci-070511-155050
S. H. Oh, T. H. Kim, G. Il Im, and J. H. Lee, “Investigation of pore size effect on chondrogenic differentiation of adipose stem cells using a pore size gradient scaffold,” Biomacromolecules, vol. 11, no. 8, pp. 1948–1955, 2010, doi; 10.1021/bm100199m.
S. Zhang, J. Huang, Z. Chen, and Y. Lai, “Bioinspired Special Wettability Surfaces: From Fundamental Research to Water Harvesting Applications,” Small, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 1–28, 2017, doi; 10.1002/smll.201602992
M. N. Kavalenka et al., “Adaptable bioinspired special wetting surface for multifunctional oil/water separation,” Sci. Rep., vol. 7, pp. 1–10, 2017, doi; 10.1038/srep39970
K. Liu, X. Yao, and L. Jiang, “Recent developments in bio-inspired special wettability,” Chem. Soc. Rev., vol. 39, no. 8, pp. 3240–3255, 2010, doi; 10.1039/B917112F
J. Miles, S. Schlenker, Y. Ko, R. Patil, B. M. Rao, and J. Genzer, “Design and Fabrication of Wettability Gradients with Tunable Pro fi les through Degrafting Organosilane Layers from Silica Surfaces by Tetrabutylammonium Fluoride,” 2017, doi; 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b02961
X. Yao, Y. Song, and L. Jiang, “Applications of Bio-Inspired Special Wettable Surfaces,” pp. 719–734, 2011, doi; 10.1002/adma.201002689
S. Morgenthaler, C. Zink, and N. D. Spencer, “Surface-chemical and -morphological gradients,” Soft Matter, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 419–434, 2008, doi; 10.1039/B715466F
C. Mk and W. GM, “How to make water run uphill,” Science (80-. )., vol. 256, no. June, pp. 1539–1541, 1992, doi; 10.1126/science.256.5063.1539
H. J. Butt, I. V. Roisman, M. Brinkmann, P. Papadopoulos, D. Vollmer, and C. Semprebon, “Characterization of super liquid-repellent surfaces,” Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci., vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 343–354, 2014, doi; 10.1016/j.cocis.2014.04.009
X. Wang and L. Wang, “Dynamic Contact Angle on a Surface with Gradient in Wettability,” 2016, http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/iracc/1806
Z. Huang et al., “Preparation and characterization of gradient wettability surface depending on controlling Cu(OH) 2 nanoribbon arrays growth on copper substrate,” Appl. Surf. Sci., vol. 259, pp. 142–146, 2012, doi; 10.1016/j.apsusc.2012.07.006
Cohen, S. and Lightbody, M. Atomic Force Microscopy/Scanning Tunneling Microscopy.Kluwer Academic Press, New York, 1999.
Wiesendanger, R. Scanning Probe Microscopy and Spectroscopy - Methods and Applications.Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1994.
Binnig, G., Quate, C. and Gerber, C. Atomic Force Microscope. Physical Review Letters,56, 930–933, 1986,doi; 10.1103/PhysRevLett.56.930
Parkinson, B. Procedures in Scanning Probe Microscopies. John Wiley and Sons Ltd., Chich-ester U.K., 1997.
S. Morgenthaler, “Surface Chemical Gradients,” no. 17278, pp. 1–177, 2007.
R. J. Van Tatenhove-pel, J. A. Hernandez-valdes, O. P. Kuipers, and M. Fischlechner, “Microdroplet screening and selection for improved microbial production of extracellular compounds,” Curr. Opin. Biotechnol., vol. 61, pp. 72–81, 2020, doi; 10.1016/j.copbio.2019.10.007
N. L. Abbott, “References and Notes 1.,” vol. 283, no. January, pp. 57–60, 1999.
M. B. J. Wijesundara, E. Fuoco, and L. Hanley, “Preparation of chemical gradient surfaces by hyperthermal polyatomic ion deposition: A new method for combinatorial materials science,” Langmuir, vol. 17, no. 19, pp. 5721–5726, 2001, doi; 10.1021/la010592e
R. Yamada and H. Tada, “Manipulation of droplets by dynamically controlled Wetting Gradients,” Langmuir, vol. 21, no. 10, pp. 4254–4256, 2005, doi; 10.1021/la046982t
J. Isaksson, N. D. Robinson, and M. Berggren, “Electronic modulation of an electrochemically induced wettability gradient to control water movement on a polyaniline surface,” Thin Solid Films, vol. 515, no. 4, pp. 2003–2008, 2006.doi; 10.1016/j.tsf.2006.04.001
Y. P. Hou, S. L. Feng, L. M. Dai, and Y. M. Zheng, “Droplet Manipulation on Wettable Gradient Surfaces with Micro-/Nano-Hierarchical Structure,” Chem. Mater., vol. 28, no. 11, pp. 3625–3629, 2016, doi; 10.1021/acs.chemmater.6b01544
S. Feng et al., “Radial wettable gradient of hot surface to control droplets movement in directions,” Sci. Rep., vol. 5, pp. 1–7, 2015, doi; 10.1038/srep10067
H. Zhao and D. Beysens, “From Droplet Growth to Film Growth on a Heterogeneous Surface: Condensation Associated with a Wettability Gradient,” Langmuir, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 627–634, 1995, doi; 10.1021/la00002a045
S. L. City and S. L. City, “Human serum albumin adsorption onto gradient surface,” vol. 2, 1994, doi: 10.1016/0927-7765(94)80056-1
H. Zhao and D. Beysens, “From Droplet Growth to Film Growth on a Heterogeneous Surface: Condensation Associated with a Wettability Gradient,” Langmuir, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 627–634, 1995, doi; 10.1021/la00002a045
C. Engineering et al., “Combinatorial Study of the Mushroom-to-Brush Crossover in Surface Anchored Polyacrylamide,” pp. 9394–9395, 2002,doi; 10.1021/ja027412n
H. Suda and S. Yamada, “Force Measurements for the Movement of a Water Drop on a Surface with a Surface Tension Gradient,” pp. 529–531, 2003,doi; 10.1021/la0264163
B. Zhao, “A Combinatorial Approach to Study Solvent-Induced Self-Assembly of Mixed Poly ( methyl methacrylate )/ Polystyrene Brushes on Planar Silica Substrates : Effect of Relative Grafting Density,” no. 23, pp. 11748–11755, 2004, doi; 10.1021/ja027412n
J. Genzer, K. Efimenko, and D. A. Fischer, “Formation mechanisms and properties of semifluorinated molecular gradients on silica surfaces,” Langmuir, vol. 22, no. 20, pp. 8532–8541, 2006, doi; 10.1021/la061016r
S. Y. W. Fang, “Droplets coalescence and mixing with identical and distinct surface tension on a wettability gradient surface,” pp. 785–795, 2013, doi; 10.1007/s10404-012-1096-2
B. Liedberg and P. Tengvall, “Molecular Gradients of ω-Substituted Alkanethiols on Gold: Preparation and Characterization,” Langmuir, vol. 11, no. 10, pp. 3821–3827, 1995, doi; 10.1021/la962053t
J. T. Smith, J. K. Tomfohr, M. C. Wells, T. P. Beebe, T. B. Kepler, and W. M. Reichert, “Measurement of Cell Migration on Surface-Bound Fibronectin Gradients,” vol. 41, no. 17, pp. 8279–8286, 2004, doi; 10.1021/la0489763
K. Mougin, A. S. Ham, M. B. Lawrence, E. J. Fernandez, and A. C. Hillier, “Construction of a Tethered Poly ( ethylene glycol ) Surface Gradient For Studies of Cell Adhesion Kinetics,” no. 18, pp. 4809–4812, 2005, doi; 10.1021/la050613v
Willi A. M. G. Pitt, “Fabrication of a Continuous Wettability Gradient by Radio Frequency Plasma Discharge,” vol. 133, no. 1, pp. 223–227, 1989., doi; 10.1016/0021-9797(89)90295-6
J. H. Lee, G. Khang, J. W. Lee, and H. B. Lee, “Interaction of Different Types of Cells on Polymer Surfaces with Wettability Gradient,” vol. 330, pp. 323–330, 1998, doi; 10.1006/jcis.1998.5688
J. Choee, S. J. Lee, Y. M. Lee, J. M. Rhee, H. B. Lee, and G. Khang, “Proliferation Rate of Fibroblast Cells on Polyethylene Surfaces with Wettability Gradient,” 2003, doi; 10.1002/app.20048
J. Hwa et al., “The responses to surface wettability gradients induced by chitosan nano fi lms on microtextured titanium mediated by speci fi c integrin receptors,” Biomaterials, vol. 33, no. 30, pp. 7386–7393, 2012, doi; 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.06.066
D. A. Links, “pH-tunable gradients of wettability and surface potential †,” pp. 8399–8404, 2012, doi; 10.1039/C2SM25221J
P. Jiang, Y. Gao, X. Chen, Q. Ke, X. Jin, and C. Huang, “Poly(butylene terephthalate) Fiber Assembly with Controllable Pore Size and Gradient Wettability: Potential in Simplifying Cell Culture Procedure,” pp. 1192–1197, 2018,doi; 10.1021/acsmacrolett.8b00545
H. T. Spijker, R. Bos, W. Van Oeveren, J. De Vries, and H. J. Busscher, “Protein adsorption on gradient surfaces on polyethylene prepared in a shielded gas plasma,” vol. 15, pp. 89–97, 1999, doi; 10.1016/S0927-7765(99)00056-9
S. Neuhaus, C. Padeste, and N. D. Spencer, “Versatile Wettability Gradients Prepared by Chemical Modification of Polymer Brushes on Polymer Foils,” pp. 6855–6861, 2011,doi; 10.1021/la2005908
A. Popelka et al., “Modulation of wettability , gradient and adhesion on self-assembled monolayer by counterion exchange and pH,” Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol. 512, pp. 511–521, 2018, doi; 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.10.086
C. Xu, H. Liu, W. Liang, L. Zhu, W. Li, and H. Chen, “Creating gradient wetting surfaces via electroless displacement of zinc-coated carbon steel by nickel ions,” Appl. Surf. Sci., vol. 434, pp. 940–949, 2018, doi; 10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.11.022
J. I. N. H. O. Lee and H. A. I. B. A. N. G. Lee, “Characterization of Wettability Gradient Surfaces Prepared by Corona Discharge Treatment,” vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 563–570, 1992, doi; 10.1016/0021-9797(92)90504-F
J. H. Lee and H. B. Lee, “A wettability gradient as a tool to study protein adsorption and cell adhesion on polymer surfaces,” Journal of Biomaterials Science no. January 2015, pp. 37–41, doi; 10.1163/156856293X00131
J. H. Lee and H. B. Lee, “Platelet adhesion onto wettability gradient surfaces in the absence and presence of plasma proteins,” J. Biomed. Mater. Res., vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 304–311, 1998, doi; 10.1002/(sici)1097-4636(199808)41:2<304::aid-jbm16>3.0.co;2-k
R. Article and J. A. Szymczyk, “Experimental investigation of the motion and deformation of droplets on surfaces with a linear wettability gradient,” vol. 158, pp. 155–158, 2009, doi; 10.1140/epjst/e2009-00898-6
X. Lu, J. Zhang, C. Zhang, and Y. Han, “Low-Density Polyethylene ( LDPE ) Surface With a Wettability Gradient by Tuning its Microstructures,” pp. 637–642, 2005, doi; 10.1002/marc.200400626
X. Fan et al., “Surface & Coatings Technology Template synthesis of raspberry-like polystyrene / SiO 2 composite microspheres and their application in wettability gradient surfaces,” Surf. Coat. Technol., vol. 213, pp. 90–97, 2012, doi; 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2012.10.025
Z. He et al., “Fabrication of polydimethylsiloxane films with special surface wettability by 3D printing,” Compos. Part B, 2017, doi; 10.1016/j.compositesb.2017.07.025
D. Julthongpiput, M. J. Fasolka, W. Zhang, T. Nguyen, and E. J. Amis, “Gradient chemical micropatterns: A reference substrate for surface nanometrology,” Nano Lett., vol. 5, no. 8, pp. 1535–1540, 2005, doi; 10.1021/nl050612n
J. Miles, S. Schlenker, Y. Ko, R. Patil, B. M. Rao, and J. Genzer, “Design and Fabrication of Wettability Gradients with Tunable Profiles through Degrafting Organosilane Layers from Silica Surfaces by Tetrabutylammonium Fluoride,” 2017, doi; 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b02961
X. Xie, Q. Weng, Z. Luo, J. Long, and X. Wei, “Thermal performance of the flat micro-heat pipe with the wettability gradient surface by laser fabrication,” Int. J. Heat Mass Transf., vol. 125, pp. 658–669, 2018, doi; 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2018.04.110
X. Wang and P. W. Bohn, “Anisotropic In-Plane Gradients of Poly ( acrylic acid ) Formed by Electropolymerization with Spatiotemporal Control of the Electrochemical Potential,” no. 21, pp. 6825–6832, 2004, doi; 10.1021/ja0400436
J. D. Whittle et al., “A method for the deposition of controllable chemical gradients †,” pp. 1766–1767, 2003,doi; 10.1039/B305445B
C. Liu, J. Sun, J. Li, C. Xiang, L. Che, and Z. Wang, “Long-range spontaneous droplet self-propulsion on wettability gradient surfaces,” Sci. Rep., no. July, pp. 1–8, 2017, doi; 10.1038/s41598-017-07867-5
S. Feng et al., “Radial wettable gradient of hot surface to control droplets movement in directions,” Sci. Rep., vol. 5, pp. 1–7, 2015, doi; 10.1038/srep10067
X. Fan et al., “Template synthesis of raspberry-like polystyrene / SiO 2 composite microspheres and their application in wettability gradient surfaces,” Surf. Coat. Technol., vol. 213, pp. 90–97, 2012, doi; 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2012.10.025
D. Giri, Z. Li, K. M. Ashraf, M. M. Collinson, and D. A. Higgins, “Molecular Combing of λ DNA using Self-Propelled Water Droplets on Wettability Gradient Surfaces,” 2016, doi; 10.1021/acsami.6b08607
Y. Nakashima, Y. Nakanishi, and T. Yasuda, “Automatic droplet transportation on a plastic microfluidic device having wettability gradient surface Automatic droplet transportation on a plastic microfluidic device having wettability gradient surface,” vol. 015001, 2015, doi; doi.org/10.1063/1.4905530
Y. P. Hou, S. L. Feng, L. M. Dai, and Y. M. Zheng, “Droplet Manipulation on Wettable Gradient Surfaces with Micro-/Nano-Hierarchical Structure,” Chem. Mater., vol. 28, no. 11, pp. 3625–3629, 2016, doi; 10.1021/acs.chemmater.6b01544
C. Chen et al., “Microhole-Arrayed PDMS with Controllable Wettability Gradient by One-Step Femtosecond Laser Drilling for Ultrafast Underwater Bubble Unidirectional Self-Transport,” vol. 1900297, pp. 1–9, 2019, doi; 10.1002/admi.201900297
C. Hsu and L. Kuo, “Classification of surface wettability and fabrication methods in surface modification: A review,” no. February 2012, 2016, doi;
D. Thesis, “Research Collection,” 2006.
G. P. Rockwell, L. B. Lohstreter, and J. R. Dahn, “Fibrinogen and albumin adsorption on titanium nanoroughness gradients,” Colloids Surfaces B Biointerfaces, vol. 91, no. 1, pp. 90–96, 2012,doi; 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2011.10.045
K. Rechendorff, M. B. Hovgaard, M. Foss, V. P. Zhdanov, and F. Besenbacher, “Enhancement of protein adsorption induced by surface roughness,” Langmuir, vol. 22, no. 26, pp. 10885–10888, 2006,doi; 10.1021/la0621923
R. J. Green, M. C. Davies, C. J. Roberts, and S. J. B. Tendler, “Competitive protein adsorption as observed by surface plasmon resonance,” Biomaterials, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 385–391, 1999,doi; 10.1016/S0142-9612(98)00201-4
M. Zhao and M. Keswani, “Fabrication of Radially Symmetric Graded Porous Silicon using a Novel Cell Design,” Nat. Publ. Gr., no. April, pp. 1–6, 2016, doi; 10.1038/srep24864
J. J. Gooding, K. A. Kilian, T. Bo, K. A. Kilian, and T. Bo, “The importance of surface chemistry in mesoporous materials : lesson s from porous silicon biosensors materials with live biological,” 2009,doi; 10.1039/B815449J
M. A. Verschuuren, M. Megens, Y. Ni, H. Van Sprang, and A. Polman, “Large area nanoimprint by substrate conformal imprint lithography (SCIL),” Adv. Opt. Technol., vol. 6, no. 3–4, pp. 243–264, 2017,doi; 10.1515/aot-2017-0022
Additional Files
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2020 Mapana Journal of Sciences
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
