Vol. 24 No. 4 (2025): Mapana Journal of Sciences
Research Articles

Usability of Activated Carbon Charcoal in Automotive Textiles for Car Deodorization: An Overview: NIL

K. Sangeetha
Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
M. Sasikala
Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India

Published 2025-12-01

Keywords

  • Automobile industry,
  • Activated charcoal,
  • Deodorization,
  • Coconut shell charcoal

Abstract

According to the automotive industry, synthetic textile materials derived from many sources are the primary cause of car odours. Although car deodorization is a technical procedure, natural ingredients like activated carbon charcoal make it simple to apply. Natural sources of activated carbon charcoal include organic materials such as coconut shell. Activated charcoal typically has pores created by heating the charcoal while a gas is present. These holes aid in the chemical sorption of activated charcoal. Because of their small size and low-volume pores, which enhance surface area, activated carbons differ from absorption in efficient adsorption. In this review, we provide the methods and applications that can be utilized to get rid of odours from synthetic textile materials in car furnishing.

References

  1. Max Houck: Book Editor(s): Jay A. Siegel: Textiles: First published: 23 October (2015): https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118897768.ch2.
  2. Roshan Paul: High Performance Technical Textiles: An Overview: Chapter 1: First published: 01 March (2019): https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119325062.ch1.
  3. Bijoy K. Behera, Book Author(s):Roshan Paul: Automotive Textiles and Composites: First published: 01 March (2019):https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119325062.ch12.
  4. Takamichi Nakamoto, Muis Muthadi: Odor Sensing System: First published: 24 April (2020): https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119587422.ch9.
  5. Patricia Duchamp-Viret, André Duchamp, Michel A. Chaput: Single olfactory sensory neurons simultaneously integrate the components of an odour mixture: First published: 25 November (2003): https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2003.03001.x.
  6. Vanessa Thiele, Christinan Monsé, Frank Hoffmeyer, Thomas Brüning, Jürgen Bünger, Kirsten Sucker: Indoor air quality – An overview of methods for measuring odor detection thresholds of single substances: 30 June (2023): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resp.2023.104108.
  7. Marie Verriele, Herve Plaisance, Virginie Vandenbilcke, Nadine Locoge, Jean Noël Jaubert, Guillaume Meunier: Odor Evaluation And Discrimination Of Car Cabin And Its Components: Application Of The “Field Of Odors” Approach In A Sensory Descriptive analysis: First Published:02 March (2012): https://Doi.Org/10.1111/J.1745-459x.2012.00371.X.
  8. https://cpcb.nic.in/openpdffile.php?id=UmVwb3J0RmlsZXMvTmV3SXRlbV8xNDFfcGFja2FnZV9vZG91cnJlcG.
  9. Sibin Balakrishnan, Jaimes Paul, Aishwarya Krishna Mahibalu and Christo Pauly: Analysis of temperature rise in a car parked under sunlight, its effects and possible solutions: Int. J. Automobile Eng.:1(1): 01-15: (2020).
  10. Florian Gschwind, Betreuerin: Prof. Dr. Andrea Büttner: New car odor: sensory and molecular characterization of odors and potential sources of smell in the vehicle interior: First published: 01 June (2023):https://doi.org/10.1002/lemi.202352207.
  11. Wei, Xuedong Yang: Effect of temperature on VOC emissions and odor from vehicle carpet: (2003): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2023.110993.
  12. Peder Wolkoff, Ph.D: Volatile Organic Compounds Sources, Measurements, Emissions, and the Impact on Indoor Air Quality: International Journal of indoor air quality and climate: Supplement No: 3/95: ISSN 0908-5920: May (1995).
  13. Aishwarya V Mohan, M-Tech Apparel Technology, Dr. D Bhaarathidhurai, Professor, Department of Fashion Technology, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Saravanampatti: Activated Carbon- A Textile Material: 2020 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology: ISSN No:-2456-2165: Volume 5, Issue 4, April –(2020).
  14. Satish M Manocha: Vol. 28: Parts 1 & 2: pp. 335–348: February/April (2003).
  15. https://www.ias.ac.in/article/fulltext/sadh/028/01-02/0335-0348
  16. https://nitsri.ac.in/Department/Chemical%20Engineering/BRTL11.pdf
  17. Richika Ganjoo, Shveta Sharma, Ashish Kumar, Mohamed Moukorab Arêmou Daouda: Activated Carbon: Fundamentals, Classification, and Properties: Chapter 12: (pp.1-22): May (2023): DOI: 10.1039/BK9781839169861-00001.
  18. Magda Brattoli, Gianluigi De Gennaro, Valentina De Pinto, Annamaria Demarinis Loiotile, Sara Lovascio and Michele Penza: Odour Detection Methods: Olfactometry and Chemical Sensors: Sensors 2011, 11(5), 5290-5322: (2011): https://doi.org/10.3390/s110505290.
  19. Hudson N, Ayoko GA: Odour sampling 1: Physical chemistry considerations. Bio resource Technol: 99:3982–3992: (2008):https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2007.04.034.
  20. Duffee RA, Cha SS: Consideration of physical factors in dynamic olfactometry. J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc: 30:1294–1295: (1980).
  21. EN13725: Air Quality—Determination of Odour Concentration by Dynamic Olfactometry: Committee for European Normalization (CEN), Brussels, Belgium: (2003): [Google Scholar].
  22. ASTM E679-04: Standard Practice for Determination of Odor and Taste Thresholds by a Forced-Choice Ascending Concentration Series Method of Limits: American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA, USA: (2004): [Google Scholar].
  23. Krol S, Zabiega B, Namiesnik J: Monitoring VOCs in atmospheric air II-Sample collection and preparation: Trends Anal. Chem: 29:1101–1112 (2010): DOI:10.1016/j.trac.2010.05.010.
  24. Wang DKW, Austin CC: Determination of complex mixtures of volatile organic compounds in ambient air: Canister methodology: Anal Bioanal Chem. 386:1099–1120: (2006): DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-0475-5.
  25. Camel V, Caude M; Trace enrichment methods for the determination of organic pollutants in ambient air: J. Chromatogr. A: 710:3–19: (1995): https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9673(95)00080-7.
  26. Kumar A, Víden I: Volatile organic compounds: sampling methods and their worldwide profile in ambient air. Environ: Monit Assess: 131:301–321: (2007): http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-006-9477-1.
  27. Cheremisinoff PN: Industrial Odour Control. Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd; Oxford, UK: (1988): [Google Scholar].
  28. Gawrys M, Fastyn P, Gawlowski J, Gierczak T, Niedzielski J: Prevention of water vapor adsorption by carbon molecular sieves in sampling humid gases: J Chromatogr. A: 933:107–116: (2001): https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)01250-X.
  29. Harper M. Review: Sorbent trapping of volatile organic compounds from air. J. Chromatogr. A: 885:129–151: (2000): https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(00)00363-0.
  30. Matisová E, Škrabáková S: Carbon sorbents and their utilization for the pre concentration of organic pollutants in environmental samples: J. Chromatogr. A: 707:145–179: (1995): https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9673(95)00347-P.
  31. Gorecki T, Namiesnik J: Passive sampling. Trends Anal. Chem: 21:276–291: (2002): https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-9936(02)00407-7.
  32. Bruno P, Caselli M, de Gennaro G, Solito M, Tutino M: Monitoring of odor compounds produced by solid waste treatment plants with diffusive samplers: Waste Manage: 27:539–544: (2007): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2006.03.006.
  33. Seethapathy S, Gorecki T, Li X: Passive sampling in environmental analysis. J. Chromatogr. A: 1184:234–253: (2008): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2007.07.070.
  34. https://www.vdi.de/richtlinien/details/vdi-3790-blatt-2-environmental-meteorology-emissions-of-gases-odours-and-dusts-from-diffuse-sources-landfills
  35. Bockreis A, Steinberg I: Measurement of odour with focus on sampling techniques: Waste Manage: 25:859–863: (2005): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2005.07.013.
  36. https://www.scribd.com/document/386440305/VDI-3477-2004-11
  37. Biologische Abgasreinigung: Bio-filter (Biological waste gas purification: Biofilters) Ausgabe: Beuth Verlag; Berlin, Germany: VDI-Richtlinie 3477: (2004): https://www.likusta.com/en/products/waste-gas-treatment/biofilters/
  38. Frechen FB, Frey M, Wett M, Löser C: Aerodynamic performance of a low-speed wind tunnel. Water Sci. Techno: 50:57–64: (2004):https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0220.
  39. Hudson N, Ayoko GA. Odour sampling: 2. Comparison of physical and aerodynamic characteristics of sampling devices: a review: Bioresour. Technol: 99:3993–4007: (2008): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2007.03.043.
  40. Jiang J, Kaye R. Sampling techniques for odour measurement. In: Stuetz R, Frechen FB, editors. Odours in Wastewater Treatment: Measurement, Modelling and Control. IWA Publishing; London, UK: pp. 95–119: (2008): [Google Scholar]
  41. Wang X, Jiang J, Kaye R: Improvement of a wind-tunnel sampling system for odour and VOCs: Water Sci. Techno: 44:71–77: (2001): https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0511.
  42. Capelli L, Sironi S, del Rosso R, Céntola P: Design and validation of a wind tunnel system for odour sampling on liquid area sources: Water Sci. Techno: 59:1611–1620: (2009): https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.123.
  43. Gostelow P, Parson SA, Stuetz RM: Odour measurements for sewage treatment works: Water Res: 35:579–597: (2001): https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(00)00313-4.
  44. https://www.saiglobal.com/PDFTemp/Previews/OSH/as/as4000/4300/43233.pdf
  45. Stevens SS: The psychophysics of sensory functions. Am. Sci: 48:226–253: (1960): https://www.jstor.org/stable/27827540.
  46. Frechen FB: Odour measurement and odour policy in Germany. Water Sci. Technol: 41:17–24: (2000): https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0088.
  47. Koe LCC: Sewage odors quantification. In: Cheremisinoff PN, editor: Encyclopedia of Environmental Control Technology, Wastewater Treatment Technology: Gulf Publishing Company; Houston, TX, USA: pp. 423–446: (1989): [Google Scholar]
  48. Frechen FB. Odour emissions of wastewater treatment plants: Recent German experiences. Water Sci. Technol: 30:35–46: (1994): [Google Scholar]
  49. https://www.env.go.jp/en/laws/air/odor/cm.html
  50. Kim K-H, Park S-Y: A comparative analysis of malodor samples between direct (olfactometry) and indirect (instrumental) methods: Atmos. Environ: 42:5061–5070: (2008): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.02.017.
  51. Walker JC: The performance of the human nose in odour measurement: Water Sci. Techno: 44:1–7: (2011): https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0496.
  52. Compendium of Methods for the Determination of Toxic Organic Compounds in Ambient air. 2nd ed. US Environmental Protection Agency; Cincinnati, OH, USA: EPA Compendium method TO-14A: Determination of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in ambient air using specially prepared canisters with subsequent analysis by gas chromatography: (1999): [Google Scholar].
  53. Capelli L, Sironi S, Del Rosso R, Centola P, Bonati S: Improvement of olfactometric measurement accuracy and repeatability by optimization of panel selection procedures: Water Sci. Technol: 61:1267–1278:(2010): https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.023.
  54. Van Harreveld AP: A review of 20 years of standardization of odor concentration measurement by dynamic olfactometry in Europe J: Air Waste Manage. Assoc: 49:705–715(1999): https://doi.org/10.1080/10473289.1999.11499900.
  55. Maxeiner B: Olfactometric Inter laboratory Comparison Test 2005: Proceedings of the A&WMA/WEF 2006 Odors and Air Emissions: Hartford, CT, USA. 9–12: pp. 688–699: April, (2006): [Google Scholar].
  56. Higuchi T: Estimation of uncertainty in olfactometry: Water Sci. Technol: 59:1649–1655: (2009): https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.108.
  57. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233508043_PRECISION_OF_OLFACTOMETRY_AND_ODOR_TESTING_RESULTS.
  58. McGinley MA, McGinley CM: Precision of Olfactometry and Odor Testing Results. Water Environment Federation/Air & Waste Management Association Specialty: Proceedings of Odors and Air Emissions: Hartford, CT, USA. 9–12: April (2006): [Google Scholar].
  59. Bruno P, Caselli M, Brattoli M, de Gennaro G, de Gennaro L, De Leonibus MA, Parenza AE: Analytical characteristics of odour concentration measure by dynamic olfactometry: Preliminary results. Chem. Eng. Trans; 15:129–133: (2008): [Google Scholar].
  60. Rappert S, Muller R: Odor compounds in waste gas emissions from agricultural operations and food industries: Waste Manage: 25:887–907: (2005): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2005.07.008.
  61. Pan L, Yang SX, de Bruyn J. Factor analysis of downwind odours from livestock farms. Biosyst. Eng: 96:387–397. (2007): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2006.10.017
  62. Leland JV, Scheiberle P, Buettner A: In: Gas Chromatography–Olfactometry: The State of the Art. Acree TE, editor. American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, USA: (2001): [Google Scholar].
  63. Van Ruth SM: Methods for gas chromatography-olfactometry: A review. Biomol. Eng: 17:121–128: (2011): https://doi.org/10.1016/S1389-0344(01)00070-3
  64. Plutowska B, Wardencki W: Application of gas chromatography–olfactometry (GC–O) in analysis and quality assessment of alcoholic beverages-A review: Food. Chem: 107:449–463: (2008): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.08.058.
  65. Benzo M, Gilardoni G, Gandini C, Caccialanza G, Finzi PV, Vidari G, Abdo S, Layedra P: Determination of the threshold odor concentration of main odorants in essential oils using gas chromatography-olfactometry incremental dilution technique. J. Chromatogr. A: 1150:131–135: (2007): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2007.02.031
  66. Hochereau C, Bruchet A: Design and application of a GCSNIFF/MS system for solving taste and odour episodes in drinking water: Water Sci. Technol: 49:81–87: (2004): https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0540.
  67. Ulrich Fischer: Trends in flavor research: edited by H. Maarse and D.G. van der Heij, Elsevier: $180.00/Dfl. 315.00 (xii + 530 pages) ISBN 0 444 81587 2: (1994): https://doi.org/10.1016/0924-2244(94)90145-7
  68. Acree TE, Barnard J, Cummingham D: A procedure for the sensory analysis of gas chromatographic effluents: Food. Chem: 14:273–286. (1984): https://doi.org/10.1016/0308-8146(84)90082-7.
  69. Debonneville C, Orsier B, Flament I, Chaintreau A.: Improved hardware and software for quick gas chromatography–olfactometry using CHARM and GC-‘SNIF’ analysis: Anal. Chem: 74:2345–2351: (2004): https://doi.org/10.1021/ac011064a.
  70. Grosch W: Detection of potent odorants in foods by aroma extracts dilution analysis: Trends Food Sci. Tech: 4:68–73: (1993): https://doi.org/10.1016/0924-2244(93)90187-F
  71. Ferreira V, Pet’ka J, Aznar M, Cacho J: Quantitative gas chromatography-olfactometry. Analytical characteristics of a panel of judges using a simple quantitative scale as gas chromatography detector: J. Chromatogr. A: 1002:169–178: (2003): https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(03)00738-6.
  72. Friedrich JE, Acree TE; Gas Chromatography Olfactometry (GC/O) of dairy product. Int. Dairy J: 8:235–241: (1998): https://doi.org/10.1016/S0958-6946(98)80002-2.
  73. Curioni PMG, Bosset JO: Key odorants in various cheese types as determined by gas chromatography-olfactometry. Int. Diary J: 12:959–984: (2002): https://doi.org/10.1016/S0958-6946(02)00124-3.
  74. Hallier A, Courcoux P, Sérot T, Prost C: New gas chromatography-olfactometric investigative method and its application to cooked Silurus glanis (European catfish) odor characterization. J. Chromatogr. A: 1056:201–208: (2004): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2004.06.044.
  75. Machiels D, van Ruth SM, Posthumus MA, Istasse L. Gas chromatography-olfactometry analysis of the volatile compounds of two commercial Irish beef meats. Talanta: 60:755–764: (2003): https://doi.org/10.1016/S0039-9140(03)00133-4.
  76. Garruti DS, Franco MRB, da Silva MAAP, Janzantti NS, Alves GL: Assessment of aroma impact compounds in a cashew apple-based alcoholic beverage by GC-MS and GC-olfactometry: LWT: 39:372–377: (2006): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2005.02.006.