Bangladeshi Migration to India—The Causal Factors at the Origin
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12724/ajss.55.4Keywords:
Illegal Migration, Bangladesh, India, Environmental, Social, EconomicAbstract
Migration that involves the crossing of international borders of sovereign countries is a major issue that affects international relations. Illegal Bangladeshi migration to India is one such issue. Bangladeshi migration to India is a result of many factors – environmental, economic, social, and political—each one acting alone or in combination, causing migration. Factors that cause Bangladeshi migration to India are many. Scholars categorise them broadly into “Push” and “Pull” factors. Bangladesh is a country where millions of people are displaced every year due to natural disasters like floods, cyclones, riverbank erosions, and salinity. Added to it, poor economic conditions in Bangladesh and the resultant economic distress have pushed people to cross over to India. The minority communities of Bangladesh, mainly the Hindus, have migrated to India, faced with communal tension and religious discrimination as a result of the Islamisation of the society and polity of Bangladesh. This paper examines the factors that induce migration at the origin—Bangladesh. It also argues that India’s effort to stop illegal migration will be successful only if there is a perceptible change in the migration inducing factors at the origin.
References
Alam,Sarfaraz.(2003). Environmentally induced migration from Bangladesh to India, Strategic Analysis, 27:3, 422-438, https://doi: 10.1080/09700160308450098
Ali, A .(1996). Vulnerability of Bangladesh to climate change and sea level rise through tropical cyclones and storm surges. Water Air Soil Pollut 92, 171–179.Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00175563
Ali, Sajaat , Abu, Mohammad.(1998). Toward an Ecological Explanation of Agricultural Unemployment in Bangladesh, Professional Geographer, vol.50,No.2, May,176-191.
Barkat, Abul.&Zaman ,Shafique, Uz. (2000). Forced Out migration of Hindu Minority: Human Deprivation Due to Vested Property Act in Chowdhury R. Abrar (Ed.), On the Margin; Refugees, Migrants, and Minorities,113-144, Dhaka: Refugee and Migratory Movements Research Unit.
Borkakoti,Jitendralal.(2013). Space and Culture, India, Vol.1 ,N0.1, 28-42. http://www.spaceandculture.in/index.php/spaceandculture/article /view/12/
Census of India.(2001).Data Highlights.https:// censusindia.gov.in/ DataProducts/Data Highlights/ Data_Highlights_link/ data_highlightsD1D2D3.pdf
Chakravorty,S.R.(1995). Bangladesh under Mujib, Zia and Ershad: Dilemma of a New Nation, New Delhi: HarAnand Publications.
Chowdhury, Afsan (2000) “State and the Minority Identity: The Case of Hindus in Bangladesh”, in Chowdhury R. Abrar (Ed); On the Margin: Refugees, Migrants and Minorities, Refugee and Migratory Movements Research Unit, 2000, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, pp. 145-166.
Custers, Peter.(1992).Cyclones in Bangladesh: A History of Mismanagement, Economic and Political Weekly, vol.27, issue no.7 February l5, 327-329.
Gaan, Narottam. (1998).Environmental Degradation and Conflict: The Case of Bangladesh-India,New Delhi: South Asian Publishers.
Gain, Philip.(1998). Bangladesh; Environment: Facing the 21st Century, Dhaka: Society for Environment and Human Development.
Government of people’s Republic of Bangladesh. (2014-15).Poverty and Inequality in Bangladesh: Journey towards Progress, Ministry of Finance.Retrieved from https:// mof.portal.gov.bd/ sites/ default/ files/ files/mof.portal.gov.bd/ page/83ea3b2c_3a6e_4073_8261_ c4da 472536be/poverty14-15EN.pdf
Hazarika, Sanjoy.(2000), Rites of Passage. Border Crossings, Imagined Homelands ,India’S East and Bangladesh, New Delhi:Penguin Books. Haque, C. E., & Hossain, M. Z. (1988). Riverbank Erosion in Bangladesh. Geographical Review, Vol.78 No.(1), 20-31.https://doi:10.2307/214303
Hollifield, James F. (1992). Migration and International Relations:
Cooperation and Control in the European Community, International Migration Review, 26(2), 568–595. https:// doi:10.1177/ 019791839202600220
Islam, N. (1992). Indo‐Bangladesh common rivers: The impact on Bangladesh. Contemporary South Asia, 1(2), 203–225. https:// doi:10.1080/09584939208719682
Islam, Tanveerul.,& Peterson, Richard, E. (2009). Climatology of Landfalling Tropical Cyclones in Bangladesh 1877–2003 , Nat Hazards, 48:115–135.https:doi 10.1007/s11069-008-9252-4
Kazi, Ali, Taufique. (1997). A Simple Model of Power and Property rights in the Inland Fisheries of Bangladesh, Bangladesh Development Studies, Vol.XXV,Nos.1and 2, March-June,1-30.
Mayilvaganan, M.(2019). Illegal Migration and Strategic Challenges: A Case Study of Undocumented Migration from Bangladesh to India. Artha-Journal of Social Sciences, Vol. 18, No. 4, 25-42 . https://doi:10.12724/ajss.51.2
Mohiuddin, Y. (2008). Sheikh Hasina and Khaleda Zia. International Journal: Canada’s Journal of Global Policy Analysis, 63(2), 461–468. https://doi:10.1177/002070200806300215
Panda, A. (2010). Climate Induced Migration from Bangladesh to India: Issues and Challenges. Semantic Scholar, 1-28. https:// doi:10.2139/ssrn.2186397
Paul, Bimal,Kanti., & Rasid, Harun.(1993). Flood Damage to Rice Crop in Bangladesh, Geographical Review, Vol.83,No.2, pp.150-159. https://doi:10.2307/215253
Peter Custers. (1992). Cyclones in Bangladesh: A History of Mismanagement, Economic and Political Weekly, February l5, 327- 329.
Peterson, W.A., (1958). A General Typology of Migration. American Sociological Review, 23(3), 1958, pp. 256-266
Quencez, M. (2012). Floods in Bangladesh and migration to India. In F. Gemenne, P. Brücker, & D. Ionesco (Eds.), The state of environmental migration 2011, 57–71. Paris: IDDRI and IOM.https:// www.iddri.org/sites/default/files/import/publications/state- environmental-migration-2011_online.pdf
Rahman, sajjadur, Mohammad.(2012). The Internally Displaced people of Bangladesh. A Background Paper,South Asian for Human Rights http://www.southasianrights.org/wp-content/ uploads/ 2012/03/ The- Internally-Displaced-People-of-Bangladesh-Updatedl-Copy-15- May-2012.pdf
Raza,Wameq,Azfar. (December12, 2018). New year with a fresh start: Addressing urban poverty in Bangladesh. World Bank Blogs,Retrieved fromhttps://blogs.worldbank.org/endpovertyinsouthasia/new-year- fresh-start-addressing-urban-poverty-bangladesh
Report to the Like-Minded Groupp.(1993)Rural Poverty in Bangladesh,Dhaka:University Press Limited
SAARC Documents.(1994).SAARC Regional Study on Greenhouse Effect and Its Impact on the Region. South Asian Survey, 1(2), 299–338. doi:10.1177/097152319400100208
Singh Amarjeet.(2010). Conflicts in Assam. NIAS Backgrounder on Conflict Resolution, B3-2010, National Institute of Advanced Studies, Bangalore.
Swain, Ashok. (1996).Displacing the Conflict: Environmental Destruction in Bangladesh and Ethnic Conflict in India, Journal of Peace Research, Vol.33, No.2, 189-204.
Statistical Year Book Bangladesh 2019.(2020).Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, May 2020. http:// bbs.portal.gov.bd/ sites/ default/ files/ files/bbs.portal.gov.bd/page/b2db8758_8497_412c_a9ec_6bb299f8b3a b/2020-09-17-15-30-d0e641b2e659019f2aa44cbaf628caa8.pdf
Weiner, Myron. (1985). On International Migration and International Relations. Population and Development Review, Vol. 11, No. 3 , pp. 441- 455
World Bank.(2013). Bangladesh - Poverty Assessment: Assessing a Decade of Progress in Reducing Poverty, 2000-2010. Bangladesh development series; paper no. 31. World Bank,Dhaka.https:// openknowledge. worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/16622/785590NWP0Bang00 Box0377348B0PUBLIC0.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
World Migration Report, 2020 (2019). International Organization for Migration (IOM)https:// www.un.org/ sites/un2.un.org/ files/ wmr_ 2020.pdf
UNDP.(February 22, 2019).Bangladesh. Sea Level Rise Hits Bangladesh Islanders Hard. https:// www.bd.undp.org/ content/ bangladesh/ en/home/presscenter/articles/2019/02/Sea_level_rise_hits_islander s.html
UNHCR. (1999). Basic International legal Documents on Refugees, New Delhi: Third Edition.
UNHCR. (2000).The State of the World’s Refugees. Retrieved from https://www.unhcr.org/3ebf9bab0.pdf
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Artha Journal of Social Sciences
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
