Exploring Exclusion: Understanding Marginalisation in the Third Gender Community of Haryana

Authors

  • Kiran Bedi Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak. (Haryana), India

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.12724/ajss.74.2

Keywords:

exclusion, marginalisation, third gender, stigma, discrimination

Abstract

To understand the marginalisation of the Third Gender community, examining the ongoing exclusion despite getting legal recognition and constitutional rights in India in 2014 is essential. They are still confronted with deep-seated expressions of stigma and discrimination. This paper aimed to investigate these challenges experienced by the Third Gender community of Haryana. A Mixed-method approach was employed in the study, combining focus group discussions with 20 respondents and a survey of 105 respondents. The analyses revealed the depth of exclusion, which was shaped by interpersonal rejection and institutional barriers. Findings supported the implementation of awareness programmes for mainstream people alongside welfare schemes or interventions for the Third Gender community to reduce misconceptions and biases towards them. This paper advocates for social acceptance of the Third Gender community, which is crucial for inclusion; without it, these interventions will not achieve their intended goals.

References

Andrews, E. (1898). The oriental eunuchs. JAMA, 30(4), 173. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1898.72440560001001

Arvind, A., Pandya, A., Amin, L., Aggarwal, M., Agrawal, D., Tiwari, K., Singh, S., Nemkul, M., & Agarwal, P. (2021). Social strain, distress, and gender dysphoria among transgender women and hijra in Vadodara, India. International Journal of Transgender Health, 23(1-2), 149–163. https://doi.org/10.1080/26895269.2020.1845273

Bhattacharya, S., Purkayastha, B., & Ghosh, D. (2022). “Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act” of India: An analysis of substantive access to rights of a transgender community. Journal of Human Rights Practice, 14(2), 676–697. https://doi.org/10.1093/jhuman/huac004

Becker, H. S. (1966). Outsiders: Studies in the sociology of deviance. Free Press.

Biswas, S. (2019, May 31). How Britain tried to "erase" India's third gender. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-48442934

Bourdieu, P. (1977). Outline of a Theory of Practice. Cambridge University Press.

Bourdieu, P. (1984). Distinction: A social critique of the judgement of taste. Harvard University Press.

Bourdieu, P. (1991). Language and symbolic power. Polity Press.

Bradford, J., Reisner, S. L., Honnold, J. A., & Xavier, J. (2013). Experiences of transgender-related discrimination and implications for health: Results from the Virginia Transgender Health Initiative Study. American Journal of Public Health, 103(10), 1820-1829. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2012.300796

Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia. (2024, May 28). Eunuch. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/eunuch

Chatterjee, P. (2022). From being a eunuch (hijra) to a third gender in India: A socio-legal study on gender disability of eunuchs. MetaLaw, 15(2), 339-356. https://doi.org/10.18690/mls.15.2.339-356.2022

Chaudhary, N., & Shukla, S. (2017). The third gender and their identity in Indian society. In Springer E Books (pp. 35–48). https://doi.org/10.10 07/978-981-10-3581-4_4

Clark, J., Jackson, C., & Jackson, C. (2018, January 29). Global attitudes toward transgender people. Ipsos. https://www.ipsos.com/en/glob al-attitudes-toward-transgender

Doniger, W. (2003). The Kamasutra: It isn’t all about sex. The Kenyon Review, 25(1), 18–37.

Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA). (n.d.). Literature review on social exclusion in the ESCWA region. United Nations. https://www.unescwa.org/sites/default/files/pubs/pdf/ sdd-07-wp4-e.pdf

Estivill, J. (2003). Concepts and strategies for combating social exclusion: An overview. International Labour Organisation.

Giddens, A. (1998). The third way and its critics. Polity Press.

Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity. Touchstone.

Gomes de Jesus, J., Belden, C. M., Huynh, H. V., Malta, M., LeGrand, S., Kaza, V. G. K., Whetten, K. (2020). Mental health and challenges of transgender women: A qualitative study in Brazil and India. International Journal of Transgender Health, 21(4), 418–430. https://doi.org/10.1080/26895269.2020.1761923

Gurung, G. S., & Kollmair, M. (2014). Marginality concepts and their limitations. http://hdl.handle.net/11070.1/5901

Haan, A. de, & Nayak, P. (1995). Social exclusion and South Asia: Bibliographical review on social exclusion in South Asia; economic development and social exclusion in India. International Labour Organisation.

Hinchy, J. (2019). Governing gender and sexuality in colonial India: The hijra, c. 1850-1990. Cambridge University Press.

Hossain, A. (2017). The paradox of recognition: Hijra, third gender and sexual rights in Bangladesh. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 19(12), 1418-1431. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2017.1317831

Jaddidi, S., & Sharma, G. (2021). Position of transgender in contemporary India: An analytical study. International Journal of Law Management & Humanities, 4, 2754–2768.

Kulshrestha, P. (2021, August 30). Criminal Act repealed 69 years ago, but communities continue to be looked upon suspiciously by society. The Times of India. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/cri minal-act-repealed-69-years-ago-but-communities-continue-to-be-looked-upon-suspiciously-by-society/articleshow/85781106.cms/

Kumar, G., Suguna, A., Suryawanshi, D. M., Surekha, A., Rajaseharan, D., & Gunasekaran, K. (2022). Exploring the discrimination and stigma faced by transgender in Chennai city–A community-based qualitative study. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 11(11), 7060. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1037_22

Link, B. G., & Phelan, J. C. (2001). Conceptualizing stigma. Annual Review of Sociology, 27(1), 363–385. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.27.

363

Nanda, S. (1999). Neither man nor woman: The hijras of India (2nd ed.). Wadsworth Publishing Company.

Pande, R. (2018). Being eunuch, the violence faced by hijras involved in sex work—A case study. In A. Bhattacharyya & S. Basu (Eds.), Marginalities in India (pp. 307–320). Springer. https://doi.org/10.100 7/978-981-10-5215-6_15

Popay, J., Escorel, S., Hernández, M., Johnston, H., Mathieson, J., & Rispel, L. (2008). Understanding and tackling social exclusion. World Health Organization. https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/docu ments/social-determinants-of-health/social-exclusion-knowledge-network-2007.pdf?sfvrsn=6b13662_3

Reddy, G. (2005). With respect to sex: Negotiating hijra identity in South India. University of Chicago Press.

Sifat, R. I., & Shafi, F. H. Y. (2020). Exploring the Nature of Social Exclusion of the Hijra People in Dhaka City. Journal of Social Service Research, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/01488376.2020.1859434

Wilhelm, A. (2008). Tritya Prakriti: People of the third sex—Understanding homosexuality, transgender identity, and intersex conditions through Hinduism. Xlibris Corporation.

Downloads

Published

2025-09-29