Vol. 25 No. 2 (2026): Mapana Journal of Sciences
Research Articles

A SUSTAINABLE INVENTORY MODEL FOR THE ELECTRICAL ENERGY SUPPLY CHAIN CONSIDERING EMISSION REDUCTION,SETUP COST OPTIMIZATION, AND GREEN TECHNOLOGY INVESTMENT

  • Rajarajeswari V.,
  • K. Annadurai
Rajarajeswari V.
PG and Research Department of Mathematics, M.V.Muthiah Government Arts College for Women, Dindigul 624001 (Affiliated to Mother Teresa Women’s University, Kodaikanal), India
K. Annadurai
PG and Research Department of Mathematics, M.V.Muthiah Government Arts College for Women, Dindigul 624001 (Affiliated to Mother Teresa Women’s University, Kodaikanal), India

Published 2026-06-13

Keywords

  • sensitive demand,
  • greenhouse gas emissions,
  • transmission and distribution costs,
  • sustainable power supply chain,
  • green technology investment

Copyright (c) 2026

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Abstract

This article presents a mathematical model for a sustainable power supply chain based on linear price-dependent customer demand, with setup cost and carbon emission as choice variables. The sustainable electrical supply chain includes power generation, transmission and distribution substations, and customers. Electricity production rates are determined by consumer demand, which is influenced by the price of electricity generated and transferred through several substations. Capital investment in green technologies can help to cut emissions. Moreover we considered how transmission rates, power generation, and distance between stations affect distribution and transmission costs.Here,we developed a new model based on inventory theory and proposed a strategy for determining the optimal solution. Finally, a numerical example and sensitivity analysis are used to illustrate the study and provide managerial insights.

References

  1. A. Sepahri, D. Mishra, M.-L. Tseng, B. Sarkar, Joint replenishment and inventory model for deteriorating items with maximum life time and controllable carbon emissions under permissible delay in payments, Mathematics 9 (5) (2021) 127.
  2. A. Sepahri, U. Mishra, B. Sarkar, A sustainable production inventory model with imperfect quality under preservation technology and quality improvement investment, J. Clean. Prod. 310 (2021) 127332,
  3. A. Sepharjee, Controllable carbon emissions in an inventory model for perishable items under cap-and-trade credit policy for credit-risk customers, Carbon Capt. Sci. Technol. 1 (2021) 100004,
  4. A.K. Manna, A.K. Ghosh, An integrated green production? inventory model with deteriorating and imperfect quality items considering carbon emission, J. Prod. Eng. 21 (2018) 281-292.
  5. A.K. Manna, J.K. Dey, S.K. Mondal, Controlling GHG emission from industrial perusal production inventory model with fuzzy pollution parameters, Int. J. Syst. Sci. Oper. Logist. 6 (4) (2019) 368-388.
  6. A.K. Manna, R. Mondal, A.A. Shaikh, H. Ali, A.B. Bhuniya, Single-manufacturer and multi-retailer supply chain model with pre-payment based partial free transportation, RAIRO
  7. Oper. Res. 55 (2021) 1063-1076,
  8. A.S. Mahapatra, M.S. Mahaswar, B. Sarkar, S. Majumder, Benefit of preservation technology with promotion and trade-credit policy under fuzzy learning, Expert Syst. Appl. 169 (2021).
  9. B. Khara, J. Deo, S. Mondal, Sustainable recycling in an imperfect production system with acceptance quality level dependent development cost and demand, Comput. Ind. Eng. 147 (2020).
  10. C. Mahto, G.C. Mahtta, Optimal replenishment, pricing and preservation technology investment policies for non instantaneous deteriorating items under two-level trade credit
  11. policy, J. Ind. Manag. Optim. 18 (5) (2022) 3499?3517,
  12. C.G.De-La-Cruz-Marquez, J.E. Cardenas- Barron, B.Mandal, An inventory model for growing items with imperfect quality when demand is price sensitive under emission and purchasing tax obligations, Mathematics 9(5)(2021).
  13. C.-J. Li, M. Gu, T.-S. Lee, C.-T. Yang, Impact of carbon emission policy combinations on the optimal production? inventory decisions for deteriorating items, Expert Syst. Appl. 198 (2022).
  14. C.K. Jaggi, A. Khanna, Credit financing for deteriorating imperfect quality items under inflationary conditions, Int. J. Serv. Oper. Inf. 6 (4) (2011) 292-309.
  15. D. Yadav, N. Kumar, M. Kumar, B. Sarkar, Redefining smart inventory model through the selection of items with cross-price elasticity of demand to form a sustainable supply chain with preservation technology, J. Clean. Prod. 312 (2021) 126298.
  16. G. Li, Y. He, J. Zhou, H.Wu, Pricing, replenishment and preservation technology investment decisions for non-instantaneous deteriorating items, Omega 84 (2019) 114-126,
  17. H. Barari, S. Bhuiyan, A sustainable flexible manufacturing? remanufacturing model with improved service and green investment under variable demand, Expert Syst. Appl. 202-215 (2022).
  18. J. Kushak, An inventory model with permissible delay in payment and different interest rate charges, Decis. Anal. J. 6 (2023)
  19. J. Pan, C.Y. Chiu, K.S. Wu, H.F. Wen, Y.W. Wang, Sustainable inventory model in technical cooperation on investment to reduce carbon emissions, Processes 8 (11) (2020).
  20. K. Menkovi, Q.K. Saifullah, M.M. Abur, Unearthing research trends in emissions and sustainable development: Potential implications for future directions, Gondwana Res. 119 (2023) 227-245.
  21. K.J. Chung, S.F. Hse, H.M. Sivatsava, S.D. Lin, S.L. Kang, J.L. Liao, Optimal ordering policy and preservation technology for deteriorating items with maximum lifetime under inflation and time discounting, J. Ind. Manag. Optim. 20 (7) (2023) 5533-5379,
  22. M. Jainlewal, S. Gowar, A production inventory model with delayed deteriorating items with quadratic and price dependent demand, Int. J. Pure Appl. Math. 119 (15) (2018) 3271-3283.
  23. M. Sepharjee, The impact of preservation technology investments on lot-sizing and shipment strategies in a three-echelon food supply chain involving growing and deteriorating items, Oper. Res. Perspect. 9 (2022) 100241,
  24. M.I. Taher, M.S. Amanlick, A.A. Taleizadeh, E. Mardan, Investigating the green inventory control problem considering liquidity risk: Application in the dairy industry, Sustainable Cities Soc. 92 (2023).
  25. M.R. Hasan, T.C. Roy, Y. Daryanto, H.M. Wee, optimizing inventory and technology investment under a carbon tax, cap and- trade and strict carbon limit regulations, Sustain. Prod. Consum. 25 (2021) 604-621.
  26. M.S. Hasan, A.K. Manna, A.A. Shaikh, A.B. Bhuniya, An application of internal deterioration effect on a production inventory model with interval-valued demand via resizing and optimization technique under partial prepayment promotion, Int. J. Intell. Syst. 35 (8) (2020) 1280-1326.
  27. N.B. Shah, D.B. Shah, D.G. Patel, Optimal preservation investment, pricing and ordering policies for deteriorating inventory with trapezoidal demand, Int. J. Oper. Res. 26 (3) (2016)367-381.
  28. P. Becerra, J.M. R. Christata, Green supply chain quantitative models for sustainable inventory management: A review, J. Clean. Prod. 328 (2021).
  29. P. Gautam, K.M. Kamna, C.K. Jaggi, Sustainable production policies under the effect of volume agility, preservation technology and price-reliant demand, Yugoslav J. Oper. Res. 30 (3) (2020) 307-324.
  30. P. Gautam, S. Maheshwari, C.K. Jaggi, Sustainable inventory model with greening degree and dual determinants of defective items, J. Clean. Prod. 367 (2022).
  31. P.K. Ghosh, A.K. Manna, J.K. Dey, Deteriorating manufacturing system with selling price discount under random machine breakdown, Int. J. Comput. Eng. Manag. 20 (2017) 8-17.
  32. R. Chaudhary, R. Mittal, M. Jayaswal, A sustainable inventory model for three-levels under fuzzy environment, Decis. Anal. J. 7 (2023).
  33. S. Das, A.K. Manna, E.E. Mahmoud, K.M. Abulnasr, A.H. Abdel, A.A. Shaikh, Product replacement policy in a production inventory model with replacement period-stock, and price dependent demand. Hindawi, J. Adv. Math. (2020) 8,
  34. S. Huang, C.C. Fang, Y. Lin, Inventory management in carbon supply chains with consideration of logistics, green investment and different carbon emissions policies, Comput. Ind. Eng. 139 (2020).
  35. S. Jain, S. Tiwari, L.F. Cardenas-Barron, A.A. Shaikh, S.R. Singh, A fuzzy imperfect production and repair inventory model with time-dependent demand, production and repairs rates under inflationary conditions, RAIRO Oper. Res. 52 (1) (2018) 217-239.
  36. S. Li,W. He, Inventory strategies in a green two-echelon supply chain with green investment and emissions reduction, Expert Syst. Appl. 202 (2022) 117250,
  37. S.J. Ye, Q. Lin, Managing green innovation investment in a cooperative supply chain under capital constraint, J. Clean. Prod. 290 (2021).
  38. S.K. Goyal, F. Nebebe, Determination of economic production shipment policy for a single vendor single buyer system, Eur. J. Oper. Res. 121 (2000) 175-178.
  39. S.S. Sana, A production inventory model in an imperfect production process, Eur. J. Oper. Res. 200 (2) (2010) 451-464.
  40. T. Ji, X. Xu, X. Yan, Y. Yu, The production decisions and the design of emission price and revenue sharing contracts under cap-and-trade regulation, Int. J. Prod. Res. 58 (2020)128-147.
  41. U. Mishra, J.Wu, B. Sarkar, A sustainable production-inventory model for a controllable carbon emission rate under shortages, J. Clean. Prod. 256 (2020) 120268,
  42. U.M. Modibbo, S. Gupta, A. Ali I. Ahmed, An integrated multi objective multi-product inventory managed production planning problem under uncertain environment, Ann. Oper. Res. (2022).
  43. W.A. Jauhari, I.N. Pujawan, M. Suel, A closed-loop supply chain inventory model with stochastic demand, hybrid production, carbon emissions, and take-back incentives, J. Clean.Prod. 320 (2021).
  44. W.A. Jauhari, N. Pujawan, M. Suel, K. Govindan, Low-carbon inventory model for vendor-buyer system with hybrid production and adjustable production rate under stochastic demand, Appl. Math. Model. 102 (2022) 840-868,
  45. W.A. Jauhari, R.W.P. Laksono, A.R. Dwicahyani, Investigating carbon emission regulation in a production-inventory model under imperfect production, inspection errors and carbon tax, hybrid policy, Int. J. Logist. Syst. Manag. 39 (4) (2021) 502-520,
  46. Y. Daryanto, B.R. Christata, Optimal order quantity considering carbon emissions costs, defective items, and partial backorder, Uncertain Supply Chain Manag. 9 (2021) 307-316,
  47. Y. Yang, H. Zhou, W. Zhou, T. Tan, S. Pramutha, Deterioration control decision support for perishable inventory management, Decis. Support Syst. (2020) 117.
  48. Z. Wang, Q. Wu, Carbon emission reduction cost and product selection decisions in the closed-loop supply chain with cap-and-trade regulation, Int. J. Prod. Res. 59 (14) (2021) 4395-4398.
  49. Z. Wang, Y. Hong, H. Wei, A multi-echelon green inventory chain system for imperfect quality deteriorating items, Oper. Supply Chain Manag. 14 (1) (2021) 26-38.