Spiritual Intelligence through the Lens of the Bhagavad Gita: A Route to Mental Wellness

Authors

  • Kritika Kumari Central University of South Bihar

Keywords:

Spiritual intelligence, Mental well-being, Bhagavad Gita, Conservation of Resource Theory

Abstract

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to establish a link between spiritual intelligence and mental well-being. Well-being should be recognised and embraced as a core strategic pillar in every premise setting and not something we realise as a reaction to struggle or distressing data. Humans are, inarguably, the most important assets of a nation, and therefore, for the holistic growth of India, investing in the well-being of its people is a must. Spiritual intelligence may be beneficial for improving well-being among people. Also, this paper aims to identify constructs of the Bhagavad Gita that could contribute to the idea and practice of spiritual intelligence.

Methodology - The present study incorporates qualitative research and literature from different data sources, such as Scopus, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and Research Gate, which were extracted. Keywords used were "Spiritual Intelligence", "Spiritualism", ''Mental well-being", "Mental health" and ''The Bhagavad Gita".

Findings - After reviewing a large body of literature, it is concluded that spiritual intelligence plays a major role in promoting well-being in India. Moreover, the paper outlines that the individual who connects with spiritual intelligence by practising the core philosophies of the Bhagavad Gita will be able to gain well-being emotionally as well as physically.

Limitations - The paper focuses on research papers published in the English language only. Other than published papers, no focus has been given to dissertations, working papers and conference papers. The paper considered only spiritual intelligence as a psychological variable which affects mental health.

Implications - The paper outlines that the individual who connects with spiritual intelligence by practising the core philosophies of the Bhagavad Gita will be able to gain well-being. Indeed, to harness the productivity of human resources in India, adopting and inculcating spiritual intelligence is important.

Originality - This research is based on determining the core constructs from the Bhagavad Gita that establish the relationship between spiritual intelligence and mental well-being. The conservation of resource theory is used as a theoretical framework in the study.

References

Adams, T. B., Bezner, J. R., Drabbs, M. E., Zambarano, R. J., & Steinhardt, M. A. (2000). Conceptualization and Measurement of the Spiritual and Psychological Dimensions of Wellness in a College Population. Journal of American College Health, 48(4), 165–173. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448480009595692

Ahmed, A., Arshad, M. A., Mahmood, A., & Akhtar, S. (2016). Holistic Human Resource Development: Balancing the Equation through the Inclusion of Spiritual Quotient. Journal of Human Values, 22(3), 165–179. https://doi.org/10.1177/0971685816650573

Aliabadi, P. K., Zazoly, A. Z., Sohrab, M., Neyestani, F., Nazari, N., Mousavi, S. H., Fallah, A., Youneszadeh, M., Ghasemiyan, M., & Ferdowsi, M. (2021). The role of spiritual intelligence in predicting the empathy levels of nurses with COVID-19 patients. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 35(6), 658–663. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2021.10.007

Allen, R. S., Phillips, L. L., Roff, L. L., Cavanaugh, R., & Day, L. (2008). Religiousness/Spirituality and Mental Health Among Older Male Inmates. The Gerontologist, 48(5), 692–697. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/48.5.692

Amrai, K., Farahani, A., Ebrahimi, M., & Bagherian, V. (2011). Relationship between personality traits and spiritual intelligence among university students. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 15, 609–612. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.03.149

Amram, Y., & Dryer, D. C. (2008). The Integrated Spiritual Intelligence Scale (ISIS): Development and Preliminary Validation.

Anita, A. R., Imaduddin, A., & Mohd Rashid, A. H. (2013). The impact of spiritual intelligence on work performance: Case studies in government hospitals of east coast of Malaysia. The Macrotheme Review, 2(3), Article 3.

Anwar, Md. A., Gani, Aa. M. O., & Rahman, M. S. (2020). Effects of spiritual intelligence from Islamic perspective on emotional intelligence. Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research, 11(1), 216–232. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIABR-10-2016-0123

Atroszko, P. A., Skrzypińska, K., & Balcerowska, J. M. (2021). Is There a General Factor of Spiritual Intelligence? Factorial Validity of the Polish Adaptation of Spiritual Intelligence Self-Report Inventory. Journal of Religion and Health, 60(5), 3591–3605. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-021-01350-2

Awad, T., Osman, F., & Abo-elyzeed, S. (2022). Relation between Cognitive Emotion Regulations, Spiritual Intelligence with Occupational Stress amongCritical Care Nurses Staff. Tanta Scientific Nursing Journal, 24(1), 347–369. https://doi.org/10.21608/tsnj.2022.218016

Bautista, T. G., Roman, G., Khan, M., Lee, M., Sahbaz, S., Duthely, L. M., Knippenberg, A., Macias-Burgos, M. A., Davidson, A., Scaramutti, C., Gabrilove, J., Pusek, S., Mehta, D., & Bredella, M. A. (2023). What is well-being? A scoping review of the conceptual and operational definitions of occupational well-being. Journal of Clinical and Translational Science, 7(1), e227. https://doi.org/10.1017/cts.2023.648

Bickerton, G. R., Miner, M. H., Dowson, M., & Griffin, B. (2014). Spiritual resources and work engagement among religious workers: A three‐wave longitudinal study. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 87(2), 370–391. https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12052

Bucci, S., Schwannauer, M., & Berry, N. (2019). The digital revolution and its impact on mental health care. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 92(2), 277–297. https://doi.org/10.1111/papt.12222

Carson, V., Soeken, K. L., & Grimm, P. M. (1988). Hope and its Relationship to Spiritual Well-Being. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 16(2), 159–167. https://doi.org/10.1177/009164718801600205

Chin, S. T. S., Raman, K., Yeow, J. A., & Eze, U. C. (2012). Relationship Between Emotional Intelligence And Spiritual Intelligence In Nurturing Creativity And Innovation Among Successful Entrepreneurs: A Conceptual Framework. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 57, 261–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.1184

Chutiyami, M., Cheong, A. M. Y., Salihu, D., Bello, U. M., Ndwiga, D., Maharaj, R., Naidoo, K., Kolo, M. A., Jacob, P., Chhina, N., Ku, T. K., Devar, L., Pratitha, P., & Kannan, P. (2022). COVID-19 Pandemic and Overall Mental Health of Healthcare Professionals Globally: A Meta-Review of Systematic Reviews. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, 804525. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.804525

Dabas, P., & Singh, A. (2018). Bhagavad Gita teachings and positive psychology: Efficacy for semi-urban Indian students of NCR. Cogent Psychology, 5(1), 1467255. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311908.2018.1467255

Deb, S., Dorji, N., Kar, S., Maria Sunny, A., Deb, S., Ghosh, S., & Chakraborty, S. (2023). COVID-19 and stress of Indian youth: An association with background, on-line mode of teaching, resilience and hope. Journal of Affective Disorders Reports, 12, 100502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadr.2023.100502

Dhingra, M., & Dhingra, V. (2011). Perception: Scriptures’ Perspective. Journal of Human Values, 17(1), 63–72. https://doi.org/10.1177/097168581001700104

Emmons, R. A. (2000). Is Spirituality an Intelligence? Motivation, Cognition, and the Psychology of Ultimate Concern. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 10(1), 3–26. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327582IJPR1001_2

Faribors, B., Fatemeh, A., & Hamidreza, H. (2010). The relationship between nurses’ spiritual intelligence and happiness in Iran. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5, 1556–1561. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.07.325

Fingarette, H. (1984). Action and Suffering in the Bhagavadgita. Philosophy East and West, 34(4), 357. https://doi.org/10.2307/1399171

Fisher, J. (2011). The Four Domains Model: Connecting Spirituality, Health and Well-Being. Religions, 2(1), 17–28. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel2010017

Fuller, J., Edwards, J., Procter, N., & Moss, J. (2000). HOW DEFINITION OF MENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS CAN INFLUENCE HELP SEEKING IN RURAL AND REMOTE COMMUNITIES. Australian Journal of Rural Health, 8(3), 148–153. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1584.2000.00303.x

Garcia‐Zamor, J. (2003). Workplace Spirituality and Organizational Performance. Public Administration Review, 63(3), 355–363. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-6210.00295

Garg, N. (2020). Promoting Organizational Performance in Indian Insurance Industry: The Roles of Workplace Spirituality and Organizational Citizenship Behaviour. Global Business Review, 21(3), 834–849. https://doi.org/10.1177/0972150918778983

Gayathri, N., & Meenakshi, K. (2012). Emotional intelligence through the Bhagavad-Gita. International Journal of Research Studies in Psychology, 1(2). https://doi.org/10.5861/ijrsp.2012.v1i2.83

Ghimire, J. (2013). Meaning of Education in the Bhagavad Gita. Journal of Education and Research, 3(1), 65–74. https://doi.org/10.3126/jer.v3i0.7853

Gomez, R., & Fisher, J. W. (2003). Domains of spiritual well-being and development and validation of the Spiritual Well-Being Questionnaire. Personality and Individual Differences, 35(8), 1975–1991. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(03)00045-X

Guite, H. F., Clark, C., & Ackrill, G. (2006). The impact of the physical and urban environment on mental well-being. Public Health, 120(12), 1117–1126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2006.10.005

Hacker, S. K., & Washington, M. (2017). Spiritual Intelligence: Going Beyond IQ and EQ to Develop Resilient Leaders. Global Business and Organizational Excellence, 36(3), 21–28. https://doi.org/10.1002/joe.21777

Halbesleben, J. R. B., Neveu, J.-P., Paustian-Underdahl, S. C., & Westman, M. (2014). Getting to the “COR”: Understanding the Role of Resources in Conservation of Resources Theory. Journal of Management, 40(5), 1334–1364. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206314527130

Hasanuddin, R., & Sjahruddin, H. (2017). The Structure of Emotional Intelligence, Spiritual Intelligence and Its Relationship with Work Enthusiasm and Auditor Performance. World Journal of Business and Management, 3(1), 67. https://doi.org/10.5296/wjbm.v3i1.11321

Herr, R. M., Bosch, J. A., Loerbroks, A., Van Vianen, A. E. M., Jarczok, M. N., Fischer, J. E., & Schmidt, B. (2015). Three job stress models and their relationship with musculoskeletal pain in blue- and white-collar workers. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 79(5), 340–347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2015.08.001

Hill, P. C., & Pargament, K. I. (2003). Advances in the conceptualization and measurement of religion and spirituality: Implications for physical and mental health research. American Psychologist, 58(1), 64–74. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.58.1.64

Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44(3), 513–524. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.44.3.513

Hobfoll, S. E. (2001). The Influence of Culture, Community, and the Nested‐Self in the Stress Process: Advancing Conservation of Resources Theory. Applied Psychology, 50(3), 337–421. https://doi.org/10.1111/1464-0597.00062

Hosaini, M., Elias, H., Krauss, S. E., & Aishah, S. (2010). A Review Study on Spiritual Intelligence, Adolescence and Spiritual Intelligence, Factors that May Contribute to Individual Differences in Spiritual Intelligence, and the Related Theories. International Journal of Psychological Studies, 2(2), p179. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijps.v2n2p179

Hui, F. K. P., & Aye, L. (2018). Occupational Stress and Workplace Design. Buildings, 8(10), 133. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings8100133

Hyde ∗, B. (2004). The plausibility of spiritual intelligence: Spiritual experience, problem solving and neural sites. International Journal of Children’s Spirituality, 9(1), 39–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/1364436042000200816

Januario, L. B., Batistao, M. V., Coury, H. J., Oliveira, A. B., & Sato, T. O. (2014). Psychosocial Risk Factors and Musculoskeletal Symptoms among White and Blue-collar Workers at Private and Public Sectors. Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 26(1), 20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-014-0020-5

Jena, L. K. (2022). Does workplace spirituality lead to raising employee performance? The role of citizenship behavior and emotional intelligence. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 30(6), 1309–1334. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOA-06-2020-2279

Jeste, D. V., & Vahia, I. V. (2008). Comparison of the Conceptualization of Wisdom in Ancient Indian Literature with Modern Views: Focus on the Bhagavad Gita. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes, 71(3), 197–209. https://doi.org/10.1521/psyc.2008.71.3.197

Jijina, P., Vasa, V., & Biswas, U. N. (2019). Construct description of Samatva from the Bhagavad Gita: Implications for HolisticWell-being. Purushartha - A Journal of Management Ethics and Spirituality, 13(01), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.21844/16201913101

Joshanloo, M. (2011). Investigation of the Contribution of Spirituality and Religiousness to Hedonic and Eudaimonic Well-Being in Iranian Young Adults. Journal of Happiness Studies, 12(6), 915–930. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-010-9236-4

Karakas, F. (2010). Spirituality and Performance in Organizations: A Literature Review. Journal of Business Ethics, 94(1), 89–106. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-009-0251-5

Kaur, D., Sambasivan, M., & Kumar, N. (2013). Effect of spiritual intelligence, emotional intelligence, psychological ownership and burnout on caring behaviour of nurses: A cross‐sectional study. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 22(21–22), 3192–3202. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.12386

Koohbanani, S. E., Dastjerdi, R., Vahidi, T., & Far, M.-H. G. (2013). The Relationship Between Spiritual Intelligence and Emotional Intelligence with Life Satisfaction Among Birjand Gifted Female High School Students. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 84, 314–320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.06.558

Lamba, S. V., Jagadeesh, M., & Deshpande, A. (2023). Emotional Intelligence as the Core of Intelligence: A Perspective Based on the Bhagavad Gita. Pastoral Psychology, 72(1), 65–83. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11089-022-01032-0

Lee-Fong, G., Daniels, L. B., & Slifka, L. M. (2022). Spiritual intelligence and psychological well-being in refugees. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 25(4), 401–413. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2022.2032626

Lorente, L., Vera, M., & Peiró, T. (2021). Nurses´ stressors and psychological distress during the COVID‐19 pandemic: The mediating role of coping and resilience. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 77(3), 1335–1344. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.14695

Mahipalan, M., & S., S. (2019). Workplace spirituality, psychological well-being and mediating role of subjective stress: A case of secondary school teachers in India. International Journal of Ethics and Systems, 35(4), 725–739. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOES-10-2018-0144

Mahmood, A., Arshad, M. A., Ahmed, A., Akhtar, S., & Khan, S. (2018). Spiritual intelligence research within human resource development: A thematic review. Management Research Review, 41(8), 987–1006. https://doi.org/10.1108/MRR-03-2017-0073

Majumdar, P., Biswas, A., & Sahu, S. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown: Cause of sleep disruption, depression, somatic pain, and increased screen exposure of office workers and students of India. Chronobiology International, 37(8), 1191–1200. https://doi.org/10.1080/07420528.2020.1786107

Malinakova, K., Kopcakova, J., Kolarcik, P., Geckova, A. M., Solcova, I. P., Husek, V., Kracmarova, L. K., Dubovska, E., Kalman, M., Puzova, Z., Van Dijk, J. P., & Tavel, P. (2017). The Spiritual Well-Being Scale: Psychometric Evaluation of the Shortened Version in Czech Adolescents. Journal of Religion and Health, 56(2), 697–705. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-016-0318-4

Manderscheid, R. W., Ryff, C. D., Freeman, E. J., McKnight-Eily, L. R., Dhingra, S., & Strine, T. W. (2010). Evolving definitions of mental illness and wellness. Preventing Chronic Disease, 7(1), A19.

Marques, J. F. (2006). The spiritual worker: An examination of the ripple effect that enhances quality of life in‐ and outside the work environment. Journal of Management Development, 25(9), 884–895. https://doi.org/10.1108/02621710610692089

Mayer, J. D. (2000). Spiritual Intelligence or Spiritual Consciousness? International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 10(1), 47–56. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327582IJPR1001_5

Modi, V. B., & Saranya, D. A. S. (2021). IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE ON HAPPINESS WITH MEDIATING EFFECT OF MENTAL WELL-BEING. 12.

Nagar, I. (2018). Self-Regulation for Sustaining Happiness and Well-being: An Indian Perspective. Psychological Studies, 63(2), 181–186. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12646-017-0403-0

Nelofar Bashir, Humera Shafi, Usmat Yousuf, Sakeena Parveen, & Kulsum Akhter. (2016). Spiritual Well-Being and Depression among Middle Aged People. International Journal of Indian Psychology, 3(2). https://doi.org/10.25215/0302.020

Nimmi, P. M., Binoy, A. K., Joseph, G., & Suma, R. (2022). Significance of developing spirituality among management students: Discerning the impact on psychological resources and wellbeing. Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education, 14(1), 317–331. https://doi.org/10.1108/JARHE-10-2020-0372

Nooripour, R., Hosseinian, S., Hussain, A. J., Annabestani, M., Maadal, A., Radwin, L. E., Hassani-Abharian, P., Pirkashani, N. G., & Khoshkonesh, A. (2021). How Resiliency and Hope Can Predict Stress of Covid-19 by Mediating Role of Spiritual Well-being Based on Machine Learning. Journal of Religion and Health, 60(4), 2306–2321. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-020-01151-z

Nurochim, N. A., Mahmudiono, T., Chupradit, S., Smolentsev, V. M., Chupradit, P. W., Komariah, A., Iswanto, A. H., Istomina, O. B., & Shalaby, M. N. (2022). Investigating the relationship between spiritual intelligence, emotional regulation and stress coping strategies in the Russian education industry. International Journal of Work Organisation and Emotion, 13(3), 212. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJWOE.2022.126952

Pandey, M., & Bhatia, D. T. (2018). A Comparative Study of Mental Health among different Swadharma Related Teachers. 8(2249).

Pant, N., & Srivastava, S. K. (2019). The Impact of Spiritual Intelligence, Gender and Educational Background on Mental Health Among College Students. Journal of Religion and Health, 58(1), 87–108. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-017-0529-3

Ravikumar, T., & Dhamodharan, V. (2014). Investigating Emotional Intelligence and Psychological Resilience of Corporate Executives in Relation to Spiritual Intelligence. International Journal of Management and Development Studies, 3(10), Article 10. https://doi.org/10.53983/ijmds.v3i10.114

Ronel, N. (2008). THE EXPERIENCE OF SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE.

Rostami, A. M., & Gol, H. C. (2014). Prediction of Marital Satisfaction based on Spiritual Intelligence. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 116, 2573–2577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.01.613

Roy, P. K., Saya, G. K., Ulaganeethi, R., Jayaram, S., & Kumar, S. S. (2021). Prevalence and association of depressive symptoms with spiritual intelligence among older adults: A community-based study in rural Puducherry, South India. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 55, 102510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102510

Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2001). On Happiness and Human Potentials: A Review of Research on Hedonic and Eudaimonic Well-Being. Annual Review of Psychology, 52(1), 141–166. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.141

Salagame, K. K. K. (2017). Meaning and Well-Being: Indian Perspectives. Journal of Constructivist Psychology, 30(1), 63–68. https://doi.org/10.1080/10720537.2015.1119087

Sanders, P. W., Allen, G. E. K., Fischer, L., Richards, P. S., Morgan, D. T., & Potts, R. W. (2015). Intrinsic Religiousness and Spirituality as Predictors of Mental Health and Positive Psychological Functioning in Latter-Day Saint Adolescents and Young Adults. Journal of Religion and Health, 54(3), 871–887. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-015-0043-4

Satpathy, B. (2010). Spiritual intelligence from the Bhagavad-Gita for conflict resolution. International Journal of Indian Culture and Business Management, 3(4), 449. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJICBM.2010.033404

Senmar, M., Azimian, J., Noorian, S., Aliakbari, M., & Chegini, N. (2023). Relationship between spiritual intelligence and lifestyle with life satisfaction among students of medical sciences. BMC Medical Education, 23(1), 520. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-023-04506-8

Sharifnia, A. M., Fernandez, R., Green, H., & Alananzeh, I. (2022). The effectiveness of spiritual intelligence educational interventions for nurses and nursing students: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nurse Education in Practice, 63, 103380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2022.103380

Sharma, R. R., & Batra, R. (2019). Bhagvad Gita Approach to Stress Mitigation and Holistic Well-Being. In S. Dhiman & A. D. Amar (Eds.), Managing by the Bhagavad Gītā (pp. 137–154). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99611-0_7

Shirom, A. (1989). Burnout in work organizations. In International review of industrial and organizational psychology 1989 (pp. 25–48). John Wiley & Sons.

Skrzypińska, K. (2021). Does Spiritual Intelligence (SI) Exist? A Theoretical Investigation of a Tool Useful for Finding the Meaning of Life. Journal of Religion and Health, 60(1), 500–516. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-020-01005-8

Söylemez, A., & Koç, M. (2019). Studying Spiritual Intelligence As a Predictor on Meaningfulness and Life Satisfaction. Spiritual Psychology and Counseling, 4(2), 109–122. https://doi.org/10.37898//spc.2019.4.2.0060

Srilalitha, R., & Supriya, M. V. (2019). Workplace spirituality: Insights from the Bhagavad Gita. International Journal of Business Excellence, 17(2), 210. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJBEX.2019.097544

Srivastava, D. P. S. (2016). Spiritual intelligence: An overview.

Sternberg, R. J. (1997). The concept of intelligence and its role in lifelong learning and success. American Psychologist, 52(10), 1030–1037. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.52.10.1030

Stewart, P. J., & Strathern, A. J. (Eds.). (2021). The Palgrave Handbook of Anthropological Ritual Studies. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76825-6

Supriyanto, A. S., Ekowati, V. M., & Masyhuri, M. (2019). The Relationship among Spiritual Intelligence, Emotional Intelligence, Organizational Citizenship Behaviour, and Employee Performance. ETIKONOMI, 18(2), 249–258. https://doi.org/10.15408/etk.v18i2.11318

Tanyi, R. A. (2006). Spirituality and family nursing: Spiritual assessment and interventions for families. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 53(3), 287–294. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2006.03731.x

Telles, S., & Desiraju, T. (1993). Autonomic changes in Brahmakumaris Raja yoga meditation. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 15(2), 147–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-8760(93)90072-W

Tiwari, P. (2021). Strengthening Hope in context of Bhagavad Gita during COVID 19 Crisis. Psychology and Education Journal, 57(9), Article 9. https://doi.org/10.17762/pae.v57i9.514

Turel, O., & Serenko, A. (2012). The benefits and dangers of enjoyment with social networking websites. European Journal of Information Systems, 21(5), 512–528. https://doi.org/10.1057/ejis.2012.1

Weich, S., Brugha, T., King, M., McManus, S., Bebbington, P., Jenkins, R., Cooper, C., McBride, O., & Stewart-Brown, S. (2011). Mental well-being and mental illness: Findings from the Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey for England 2007. British Journal of Psychiatry, 199(1), 23–28. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.111.091496

Westerhof, G. J., & Keyes, C. L. M. (2010). Mental Illness and Mental Health: The Two Continua Model Across the Lifespan. Journal of Adult Development, 17(2), 110–119. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10804-009-9082-y

Wills, E. (2009). Spirituality and Subjective Well-Being: Evidences for a New Domain in the Personal Well-Being Index. Journal of Happiness Studies, 10(1), 49–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-007-9061-6

Wyatt, T., & Oswalt, S. B. (2013). Comparing Mental Health Issues Among Undergraduate and Graduate Students. American Journal of Health Education, 44(2), 96–107. https://doi.org/10.1080/19325037.2013.764248

Zohar, D. (2000). Danah Zohar and Ian Marshall: SQ - Spiritual Intelligence, the ultimate intelligence.

Published

2025-08-06

How to Cite

Kumari, K. (2025). Spiritual Intelligence through the Lens of the Bhagavad Gita: A Route to Mental Wellness. Ushus Journal of Business Management, 24(3). Retrieved from https://journals.christuniversity.in/index.php/ushus/article/view/7104