The Impact of COVID-19 Risk Perceptions on Travel Intention of Young Domestic Tourists in Kerala
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12727/ajts.28.4Keywords:
COVID-19, Risk Perceptions, Travel Intention, Young Domestic Tourists, SEMAbstract
The COVID-19 pandemic created a significant impact all over the world, specifically on the travel and tourism industry, which is an important economic contributor and highly sensitive to shocks like these pandemics. The impact of reduced mobility is highly reflected in the tourism industry, and countries across the world are trying to develop measures to ensure the recovery of the sector. So it is important to understand the attitude and perceptions of consumers to gain an insight into the change in travel intentions amidst the pandemic. The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of COVID-19 risk perceptions of young tourists in Kerala on travel intentions during the pandemic. Understanding the travel intentions in the current pandemic scenario is of paramount importance as strategies are needed to regain the confidence of tourists. This study has analysed the influence of financial risks, health risks, travel risks and psychological risks on travel intention, wherein health risks, travel risks and psychological risks were identified to influence travel intention. The health risk has influenced travel intentions, followed by travel risk and psychological risk.
References
Aliperti, G., & Cruz, A. M. (2019). Investigating tourists’ risk information processing. Annals of Tourism Research, 79, 1–18.
Au, A. K., Ramasamy, B., & Yeung, M. C. (2005). The effects of SARS on the Hong Kong tourism industry: An empirical evaluation. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 10(1), 85-95.
Aziz, H. (1995). Understanding attacks on tourists in Egypt. Tourism Management, 16, 91-95.
Barton, C., Haywood, J., Jhunjhunwala, P., & Bhatia, V. (2013). Traveling with millennials. Boston Consulting Group, 1-13.
Bigano, A., Hamilton, J. M., & Tol, R. S. (2006). The impact of climate change on domestic and international tourism: A simulation study.
Brady, J., & Widdows, R. (1988). The impact of world events on travel to Europe during the summer of 1986. Journal of Travel Research, 4, 8-10.
Brunt, P., Mawby, R. & Hambly, Z. (2000). Tourist victimization and the fear of crime on holiday. Tourism Management, 21, 417-424.
Cahyanto, I., Wiblishauser, M., Pennington-Gray, L., & Schroeder, A. (2016). The dynamics of travel avoidance: The case of Ebola in the U.S. Tourism Management Perspectives, 20, 195-203.
Carter, S. (1998). Tourists and traveler’s social construction of Africa and Asia as risky locations. Tourism Management, 19, 349-358.
Cavagnaro, E., Staffieri, S., & Postma, A. (2018). Understanding millennials’ tourism experience: values and meaning to travel as a key for identifying target clusters for youth (sustainable) tourism. Journal of Tourism Futures.
Chang, C.L., McAleer, M., & Ramos, V. (2020). A Charter for Sustainable Tourism after COVID-19. Sustainability, 12(9), 3671.
Chen, Y. C., Shang, R. A., & Li, M. J. (2014). The effects of perceived relevance of travel blogs’ content on the behavioral intention to visit a tourist destination. Computers in Human Behavior, 30, 787-799.
Chinazzi, M., Davis, J. T., Ajelli, M., Gioannini, C., Litvinova, M., Merler, S., & Viboud, C. (2020). The effect of travel restrictions on the spread of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak. Science, 368(6489), 395-400.
Chiu, L. K., Ting, C., Alananzeh, O. A., & Hua, K. (2019). Perceptions of risk and outbound tourism travel intentions among young working Malaysians. Dirasat, Human and Social Sciences, 46(1), 368-379.
Coshall, J. T. (2003). The threat of terrorism as an intervention of international travel flows. Journal of Travel Research, 42(1), 4–12.
Cossens, J. & Gin, S. (1994). Tourism and AIDS: The perceived risk of HIV infection and destination choice. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 3, 1-20.
Crompton, J. (1992). Structure of vacation destination choice sets. Annals of Tourism Research, 19(3), 420-434.
Diamantopoulos, A. & Siguaw, J.A. (2006). Formative versus reflective indicators in organizational measure development: a comparison and empirical illustration. British Journal of Management, 17(4), 263-282.
Dimanche, F. & Leptic, A. (1999). New Orleans tourism and crime: a case study. Journal of Travel Research, 38, 19-23.
Fornell, C. G. & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50.
Floyd, D. L., Prentice‐Dunn, S., & Rogers, R. W. (2000). A meta‐analysis of research on protection motivation theory. Journal of applied social psychology, 30(2), 407-429.
Floyd, M., Gibson, H., Pennington-Gray, L., & Thapa, B. (2004).The effect of risk perceptions on intentions to travel in the aftermath of September 11, 2001. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 15, 19–38.
Fuchs, G., & Reichel, A. (2006). Tourist destination risk perception: The case of Israel. Journal of Hospitality & Leisure Marketing, 14(2), 83-108.
Garg, A. (2015). Travel risks vs tourist decision making: A tourist perspective. International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Systems, 8(1), 1-9.
Gartner, W., & J. Shen (1992). The Impact of Tiananmen Square on China's Tourism Image. Journal of Travel Research, 30(4), pp. 47-52.
Gössling, S., Scott, D., & Hall, M. (2020). Pandemics, tourism and global change: a rapid assessment of COVID-19. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 1747-1764.
Gibson, H., & Yiannakis, A. (2002). Tourist roles: needs and the life course. Annals of Tourism Research, 2, 358–383.
Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M. & Sarstedt, M. (2017), A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM), Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.
Hall, C., J. Selwood, & E. McKewon (1995). Hedonists, Ladies and Larrikins: Crime, Prostitution and the 1987 America's Cup. Visions in Leisure and Business, 14(3), 28-51.
Hall, C. M., & O’Sullivan, V. (1996). Tourism, political stability and violence. Tourism, crime and international security issues, 105-121.
Han, J. Y. (2005). The relationships of perceived risk to personal factors, knowledge of destination, and travel purchase decisions in international leisure travel. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.
Hasan, M. K., Ismail, A. R., Islam, M. D. F., & Tiu Wright, L. (2017). Tourist risk perceptions and revisit intention: a critical review of literature. Cogent Business Management, 4(1), 1–21.
Higgins-Desbiolles, F. (2020). Socialising tourism for social and ecological justice after COVID-19.Tourism Geographies, Online. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2020.1757748.
Hollier, R. (1991). Conflict in the Gulf. Tourism Management, 12, 2-4.
Huang, X., Dai, S., & Xu, H. (2020). Predicting tourists’ health risk preventative behaviour and travelling satisfaction in Tibet: Combining the theory of planned behaviour and health belief model. Tourism Management Perspectives, 33, 100589.
Hwang, J., & Choe, J. Y. (2020). How to enhance the image of edible insect restaurants: Focusing on perceived risk theory. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 87, 102464.
Jang, S., Bai, B., Hu, C., & Wu, C. M. E. (2009). Affect, travel motivation, and travel intention: A senior market. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 33(1), 51-73.
Jonas, A., Mansfeld, Y., Paz, S., & Potasman, I. (2010). Determinants of health risk perception among low-risk-taking tourists traveling to developing countries. Journal of Travel Research, 50(1), 87-99.
Keating, A., & Melis, G. (2017). Social media and youth political engagement: Preaching to the converted or providing a new voice for youth? The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 19(4), 877-894.
Kozak, M., Crotts, J., & Law, R. (2007).The impact of the perception of risk on international travelers. International Journal of Tourism Research, 9, 233–242.
Kozak, M. (2001). Repeaters' behavior at two distinct destinations. Annals of tourism research, 28(3), 784-807.
Kuo, H. I., Chang, C. L., Huang, B. W., Chen, C. C., & McAleer, M. (2009). Estimating the impact of avian flu on international tourism demand using panel data. Tourism Economics, 15(3), 501-511.
Lawton, G., & Page, S. (1997) Evaluating travel agents’ provision of health advice to travelers. Tourism Management, 18, 89-104.
Leder, K., Steffen, R., Cramer, J. P., & Greenaway, C. (2015). Risk assessment in Travel medicine: how to obtain, interpret, and use risk data for informing pre-travel advice. J. Travel Med. 22, 13–20. doi: 10.1111/jtm.12170.
Lee, C. K., Song, H. J., Bendle, L. J., Kim, M. J., & Han, H. (2012). The impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions for 2009 H1N1 influenza on travel intentions: A model of goal-directed behavior. Tourism Management, 33(1), 89-99.
Leggat, P. A., Brown, L. H., Aitken, P., & Speare, R. (2010). Level of concern and precaution taking among Australians regarding travel during pandemic (H1N1) 2009: Results from the 2009 Queensland social survey. Journal of Travel Medicine, 17(5), 291–295.
Lepp, A., & Gibson, H. (2003). Tourist roles, perceived risk and international tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 30, 606–624.
Le, T. H., &Arcodia, C. (2018). Risk perceptions on cruise ships among young people: concepts, approaches and directions. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 69, 102-112.
Leslie, D. (1999). Terrorism and Tourism: The Northern Ireland situation- a look behind the veil of certainty. Journal of Travel Research, 38(1), 37-40.
Li, J., Nguyen, T. H. H., & Coca-Stefaniak, J. A. (2020). Coronavirus impacts on post-pandemic planned travel behaviours. Annals of Tourism Research, Online. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2020.102964.
Lin, L. Y., & Chen, Y. W. (2009). A study on the influence of purchase intentions on repurchase decisions: the moderating effects of reference groups and perceived risks. Tourism review, 64(3), 28-48.
Lu, J., Hung, K., Wang, L., Schuett, M. A., & Hu, L. (2016). Do perceptions of time affect outbound-travel motivations and intention? an investigation among Chinese seniors. Tourism Management, 53, 1-12.
MacLaurin, T. L. (2004). The importance of food safety in travel planning and destination selection. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 15(4), 233-257.
Mohammad, B. A. M. A. H., & Som, A. P. M. (2010). An analysis of push and pull travel motivations of foreign tourists to Jordan. International Journal of Business and Management, 5(12), 41.
Moore, K., & T. Berno (1995). Relationships Between Crime and Tourism. Visions in Leisure and Business, 14(4), 4-14.
Muter, B. A., Gore, M. L., & Riley, S. J. (2013). Social contagion of risk perceptions in environmental management networks. Risk Anal., 33, 1489–1499. doi: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01936.x.
Neuburger, L., & Egger, R. (2020). Travel risk perception and travel behaviour during the COVID-19 pandemic 2020: A case study of the DACH region. Current Issues in Tourism.
Pendergast, D. (2010). Getting to know the Y generation. Tourism and generation Y, 1, 1-15.
Pennington-Gray, L. (2018). Reflections to move forward: where destination crisis management research needs to go. Tourism Management Perspectives, 25, 136–139.
Pérez-Escoda, A., Jiménez-Narros, C., Perlado-Lamo-de-Espinosa, M., & Pedrero-Esteban, L. M. (2020). Social networks’ engagement during the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain: health media vs. healthcare professionals. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(14), 5261.
Pizam, A., & Fleischer, A. (2002). Severity versus frequency of acts of terrorism: which has a larger impact on tourism demand? Journal of Travel Research, 40(3), 337–339.
Pizam, A. & Mansfeld, Y. (1996). Tourism, Crime and International Security Issues. John Wiley & Sons.
Pizam, A., P. Tarlow, & J. Bloom (1997). Making tourists feel safe: whose responsibility is it? Journal of Travel Research, 3(3), 23-28.
Reisinger, Y., & Mavondo, F. (2005). Travel anxiety and intentions to travel internationally: implications of travel risk perception. Journal of Travel Research, 43, 212–225.
Ritchie, B. W., & Jiang, Y. (2019). A review of research on tourism risk, crisis and disaster management: launching the annals of tourism research curated collection on tourism risk, crisis and disaster management. Annals of Tourism Research, 79, 102812.
Rittichainuwat, B. N., & Chakraborty, G. (2009). Perceived travel risks regarding terrorism and disease: the case of Thailand. Tourism Management, 30(3), 410–418.
Roehl, W., & Fesenmaier, D. (1992). Risk perceptions and pleasure travel: an exploratory analysis. Journal of Travel Research, 2, 17–26.
Seddighi, H. R., Theocharous, A. L., & Nuttall, M. W. (2002). Political instability and tourism: an empirical study with special reference to the microstate of Cyprus. International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration, 3(1), 61-84.
Simpson, P. M., & Siguaw, J. A. (2008). Perceived travel risks: The traveller perspective and manageability. International Journal of Tourism Research, 10(4), 315-327.
Singh, M. M., Amiri, M., & Sabbarwal, S. (2017). Social media usage positive and negative effects on the life style of Indian youth. Iranian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Research, 5(3).
Sönmez, S., Apostolopoulos, Y. & Tarlow, P. (1999). Tourism in crisis: Managing the effects of terrorism. Journal of Travel Research, 38, 13-18.
Sonmez, S. (1998). Tourism, terrorism and political instability. Annals of Tourism Research, 25, 416–456.
Sonmez, S., & Graefe, A. (1998a). Influence of terrorism risk on foreign tourism decisions. Annals of Tourism Research, 25, 112–144.
Sönmez, S. V. & Graefe, A. R. (1998b). Determining future travel behavior from past travel experience and perceptions of risk and safety. Journal of Travel Research, 37, 171-177.
Teye, V. (1986). Liberation wars and tourism development in Africa: the case of Zambia. Annals of Tourism Research, 13, 589-608.
Tuu, H. H., Olsen, S. O., & Linh, P. T. T. (2011). The moderator effects of perceived risk, objective knowledge and certainty in the satisfaction‐loyalty relationship. Journal of Consumer Marketing.
Um, S., & Crompton, J. L. (1992a). Attitude determinants in tourism destination choice. Annals of Tourism Research, 19, 432–448.
Um, S., & Crompton, J. (1992b). The role of perceived inhibitors and facilitators in pleasure travel destination decisions. Journal of Travel Research, 30(3), 18–25.
Vukic, M., Kuzmanovic, M., & Kostic Stankovic, M. (2015). Understanding the heterogeneity of Generation Y's preferences for travelling: a conjoint analysis approach. International Journal of Tourism Research, 17(5), 482-491.
Wall, G. (1996). Terrorism and tourism: an overview and an Irish example. Tourism, crime and international security issues, 143-158.
Widjojo, H., & Yudianto, B. R. (2015). Factors considered by Indonesian youth in buying green product. PURUSHARTHA-A Journal of Management, Ethics and Spirituality, 8(1), 13-26.
Wilks, J., & Moore, S. (2003). Tourism risk management for the Asia Pacific region: An authoritative guide for managing crises and disasters. APEC International Centre for Sustainable Tourism (AICST). https://www.apec.org/docs/default-source/Publications/2004/12/Tourism-Risk-Management-for-the-Asia-Pacific-Region-An-Authoritative-Guide-for-Managing-Crisis-and-D/04_twg_risk__management_report.pdf.
Witt, S. F. & Moutinho, L. (1995). Tourism Marketing and Management Handbook. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Woodside, A. G., & Lysonski, S. (1989). A general model of traveler destination choice. Journal of Travel Research, 27, 8–14.
World Health Organization (WHO). (2020a, April 29). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) advice for the public. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public
World Health Organization (WHO). (2020b). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) travel advice. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/travel-advice/1
Worldometers. (2020). COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic. https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/
World Tourism Organization UNWTO, (2016). Global Report on The Power of Youth Travel. https://www.wysetc.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Global-Report_Power-of-Youth-Travel_2016.pdf
The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) (2020a). Annual Report. https://www.unwto.org/impact-assessment-of-the-covid-19-outbreak-on-international-tourism
World Tourism Organization (UNWTO). (2020b, May 28). Global guidelines to restart tourism. https://webunwto.s3.euwest-1.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/2020-05/UNWTO-Global-Guidelines-to-Restart-Tourism.pdf
Wut, T. M., Xu, J. B., & Wong, S. M. (2021). Crisis management research (1985–2020) in the hospitality and tourism industry: a review and research agenda. Tourism Management, 85, 104307.
Yanni, E. A., Marano, N., & Han, P. (2010). Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of US travelers to Asia regarding seasonal influenza and H5N1 avian influenza prevention measures. Journal of Travel Medicine, 17(6), 374–381.
Yang, C. L., & Nair, V. (2014). Risk Perception Study in Tourism: Are we Really Measuring Perceived Risk? Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 144, 322-327.
Yu, M., Li, Z., Yu, Z., He, J., & Zhou, J. (2020). Communication related health crisis on social media: a case of COVID-19 outbreak. Current Issues in Tourism, 1-7.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Atna Journal of Tourism Studies
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
