Vol. 21 No. 2 (2022): Mapana Journal of Sciences
Research Articles

Role of Defects in the Band Gap Tailoring of Carbon Black

PDF
  • Elma Elizaba Mathew,
  • Manoj Balachandran
Elma Elizaba Mathew
CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
Manoj Balachandran
CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
DOI: https://doi.org/10.12723/mjs.62.1

Published 2023-01-18 — Updated on 2023-01-18

Versions

Keywords

  • Carbon Black,
  • Band-Gap,
  • Defects,
  • Amorphous

Copyright (c) 2023

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Abstract

With the rise in the need for cost-effective production of graphene-like systems, Carbon Black (CB) is found to be a potential candidate. This report presents the structural modification of Carbon Black (CB) subjected to hydrothermal exfoliation at various temperatures. X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed the graphitic structure with a broad peak, indicating the amorphous nature regardless of the variation in temperatures. Raman spectroscopy revealed that defect intensity increased with the increase in temperature. The band-gaps are found to be 4eV, 2.95eV, 2.86eV and 2.21eV at the exfoliation temperatures 160⁰C,180⁰C,200⁰C and 220⁰C respectively exhibiting a lowering with rise in temperature.   

PDF

References

  1. Lee, S. M., Lee, S. H., & Roh, J. S. (2021). Analysis of activation process of carbon black based on structural parameters obtained by XRD analysis. Crystals, 11(2), 153., doi: 10.3390/cryst11020153.
  2. Farida, E., Bukit, N., Ginting, E. M., & Bukit, B. F. (2019). The effect of carbon black composition in natural rubber compound. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, 16, 100566., doi: 10.1016/j.csite.2019.100566.
  3. Zhang, S., Cui, Y., Wu, B., Song, R., Song, H., Zhou, J., ... & Cao, L. (2014). Control of graphitization degree and defects of carbon blacks through ball-milling. RSC advances, 4(1), 505-509., doi: 10.1039/c3ra44530e.
  4. M. C. F. Soares et al., “Surface modification of carbon black nanoparticles by dodecylamine: Thermal stability and phase transfer in brine medium,” Carbon N Y, vol. 72, pp. 287–295, Jun. 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2014.02.008.
  5. “Ungar, T., Gubicza, J., Ribarik, G., Pantea, C., & Zerda, T. W. (2002). Microstructure of carbon blacks determined by X-ray diffraction profile analysis. Carbon, 40(6), 929-937.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-6223(01)00224-X
  6. Daud, W. M. A. W., & Houshamnd, A. H. (2010). Textural characteristics, surface chemistry and oxidation of activated carbon. Journal of Natural Gas Chemistry, 19(3), 267-279. doi: 10.1016/S1003-9953(09)60066-9.
  7. Hauptman, N., Vesel, A., Ivanovski, V., & Gunde, M. K. (2012). Electrical conductivity of carbon black pigments. Dyes and Pigments, 95(1), 1-7, doi: 10.1016/j.dyepig.2012.03.012.
  8. Amornwachirabodee, K., Tantimekin, N., Pan-In, P., Palaga, T., Pienpinijtham, P., Pipattanaboon, C., ... & Wanichwecharungruang, S. (2018). Oxidized carbon black: preparation, characterization and application in antibody delivery across cell membrane. Scientific reports, 8(1), 1-11. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-20650-4.
  9. Hunt, A., Kurmaev, E. Z., & Moewes, A. (2014). Band gap engineering of graphene oxide by chemical modification. Carbon, 75, 366-371. doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2014.04.015.
  10. Acik, M., & Chabal, Y. J. (2012). A review on reducing graphene oxide for band gap engineering. J. Mater. Sci. Res, 2(1), 5539., doi: 10.5539/jmsr.v2n1p101.
  11. Mathkar, A., Tozier, D., Cox, P., Ong, P., Galande, C., Balakrishnan, K., ... & Ajayan, P. M. (2012). Controlled, stepwise reduction and band gap manipulation of graphene oxide. The journal of physical chemistry letters, 3(8), 986-991., doi: 10.1021/jz300096t.
  12. Mathew, E. E., & Balachandran, M. (2021). Crumpled and porous graphene for supercapacitor applications: A short review. Carbon Letters, 31(4), 537-555. doi: 10.1007/s42823-021-00229-2.
  13. Manoj, B (2014). Characterization of nano-crystalline carbon from camphor and diesel by x-ray diffraction technique. Asian Journal of Chemistry, 26 (15), 4553.
  14. Hummers Jr, W. S., & Offeman, R. E. (1958). Preparation of graphitic oxide. Journal of the american chemical society, 80(6), 1339-1339.
  15. Guo, J., Lou, H., Zhao, H., Wang, X., & Zheng, X. (2004). Novel synthesis of high surface area MgAl2O4 spinel as catalyst support. Materials Letters, 58(12-13), 1920-1923. doi: 10.1016/j.matlet.2003.12.013.
  16. Manoj, B.(2012). Chemical demineralization of high volatile Indian bituminous coal by carboxylic acid and characterization of the products by SEM/EDS. Journal of environmental research and development, 6 (3A), 654-58
  17. Ferrari, A. C., Meyer, J. C., Scardaci, V., Casiraghi, C., Lazzeri, M., Mauri, F., ... & Geim, A. K. (2006). Raman spectrum of graphene and graphene layers. Physical review letters, 97(18), 187401. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.187401.
  18. Mathew, E. E., & Manoj, B. (2021). Disorders in graphene: types, effects and control techniques—a review. Carbon Letters, 1-20. doi: 10.1007/s42823-021-00289-4.
  19. Sadezky, A., Muckenhuber, H., Grothe, H., Niessner, R., & Pöschl, U. (2005). Raman microspectroscopy of soot and related carbonaceous materials: Spectral analysis and structural information. Carbon, 43(8), 1731-1742., doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2005.02.018.
  20. “Schaeffer, W. D., Smith, W. R., & Polley, M. H. (1953). Structure and properties of carbon black-changes induced by heat treatment. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry, 45(8), 1721-1725.”.
  21. “Jawhari, T., Roid, A., & Casado, J. (1995). Raman spectroscopic characterization of some commercially available carbon black materials. Carbon, 33(11), 1561-1565.”.https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-6223(95)00117-V