Visitor Management at UNWHS

A Case study of Taj Mahal

Authors

  • Paramita Suklabaidya Associate Professor, SOTHSM, IGNOU, New Delhi, India
  • Monika Aggarwal Guest faculty DIITM, New Delhi, India

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.12727/ajts.24.5

Keywords:

UN World Heritage Sites, Cultural Heritage Tourism, Visitor Management, Stakeholders, Preservation & Conservation

Abstract

Studies have shown a significant increase in the number of visitors to the site after being featured on the UNWHS list which leads to visitation pressure and impacts thereof on the site. Visitor management at the UNWHS is the need of the hour. The paper aims to critically analyse the existing visitor management plan at the selected UNWHS - Taj Mahal, the second-best UNWHS in the world with more than 8 million visitors every year (timesofindia.indiatimes.com, tribuneindia.com, indiatoday. in, hindustantimes.com, 2017), and to suggest numerous proactive and reactive measures to bring about an effective Visitor Management strategy for the Site. The descriptive and exploratory research methodology has been used along with a mixed approach of both Quantitative and Qualitative Methods. Literature review of Visitor Management practices followed at UNWHS globally and an in-depth study of opinion of different groups – Site Managers, Travel agents, Guides, Visitors visiting the site helped conclude, that to defy the harmful impact of the visitation and to give an enhanced experience, an effective marketing plan with strict conservation and preservation practices have to be implemented in collaboration with locals, stakeholders and the government agencies

Author Biographies

Paramita Suklabaidya, Associate Professor, SOTHSM, IGNOU, New Delhi, India

Associate Professor, SOTHSM, IGNOU, New Delhi, India

Monika Aggarwal, Guest faculty DIITM, New Delhi, India

Guest faculty DIITM, New Delhi, India

References

Websites / online newspapers and magazines

• ASI . (2013). http://asi.nic.in/asi_faq_archaeologicalsites.asp

• Minsitry of Tourism - GOI. (n.d.). http://tourism.gov.in/market-research-and-statistics.

• tourism, U. o. (1992). http://www.e-unwto.org/doi/book/10.18111/9789284417292.

• UNESCO WHS. (n.d.). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Former_UNESCO_World_Heritage_Sites

• UNESCO - WHS in Danger. (n.d.). http://whc.unesco.org/en/158/

• UNESCO. (2012, April 16). http://whc.unesco.org/en/recognition-of-best-practices/

• UNWTO. (2016). http://www2.unwto.org/content/why-tourism.

• UNWTO. (2015). http://www2.unwto.org/publication/tourism-world-heritage-sites-challenges-and-opportunities.

http://www.tajmahal.gov.in. (n.d.).

http://www.tajmahal.org.uk/taj-mahal-facts.html. (n.d.).

https://www.hindustantimes.com/travel/right-on-top-taj-mahal-named-2nd-best-unesco-world-heritage-site/story

https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/taj-mahal-ranked-as-the-second-best-unesco-world-heritage-site-after-angkor-wat-as-per-a-survey/as62049444.cms

https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/nation/taj-mahal-2nd-best-on-unesco-list-509451

https://www.indiatoday.in/travel/travel-buzz/story/taj-mahal-second-best-world-heritage-site-unesco-lifetr-1101600-2017-12-06

https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/agra/NEERI-seeks-daily-record-of-tourists-visiting-Taj-in-2015-from-ASI/articleshow/50536817.cms

https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/agra/with-100-jump-in-footfall-taj-earned-rs-119-crore-from-ticket-sales-in-2018/articleshow/67372193.cms

https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/travel-tourism/revealed-just-how-much-taj-mahal-earns-and-how-many-tourists-visit-the-famed-mausoleum/1774545/

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/india-cap-number-taj-mahal-visitors-1-180967738/

https://www.thejakartapost.com/travel/2018/01/03/india-limits-visitors-to-save-taj-mahal-.html

https://www.amarujala.com/tags/record-no.-of-tourist-visit-taj

https://www.dailypioneer.com/2020/columnists/a-day---s-tale-at-the-taj.html

https://factly.in/taj-mahal-had-nearly-7-million-visitors-during-the-year-2018-19-and-the-revenue-was-around-rs-77-9-crores/

https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/pollution-tourism-threat-to-taj-cse/article7182794.ece

https://www.firstpost.com/india/increasing-number-tourists-may-threat-taj-mahal-say-conservationists-1670861.html

http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Cap-set-on-number-of-visitors-to-save-the-Taj-Mahal-from-wear-42763.html

https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20180910-the-kiss-of-death-a-crush-of-tourists-is-endangering-taj-mahal-1327244-2018-09-01

https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/17-century-chandelier-crashes-at-taj-mahal-asi-orders-probe/article7569099.ece

https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-43735757

 Newspaper

• Light & sound show at historic Rajwada. . (2016, January 25). The Pioneer .

• "Missing guards give visitors free play at Taj Pool". (2015, June 8). Times of India .

• "Taj crying for urgent attention, repair". (2015, April 22). Times of India .

• Aditya.Dev@timesgroup.com. (2015, May 03). "Romantic view of Taj Mahal at night". Times of India

• Dev, A. (2014, October 14). "Unruly hordes in Taj put monument in serious danger". Times of India .

• Dev, A. (2014, October 28). 1.5 lakh people swamp Taj Mahal on Diwali weekend. Times of India .

• Dev, A. (2015, September 15). Bad news for lovers of Taj and other historical buildings across country. Times of India .

• Guide visitors to a safe, Incredible India. (2015). The Times of India .

• Ishita.Mishra@timesgroup.com. (2015, July 3). "Forest officials cuts 4k trees in Taj eco zone and sells them". Times of India

• Jaiswal.A.(2019,Dec),Revealed just how much Taj Mahal earns and how many tourists visit the famous mausoleum ,TOI

• Khandekar, N. (2013, February 10). Petty problems plague world heritage sites. Hindustan Times .

• Make smartphone your guide to city monuments. (2015). The Times of India .

• Purusharth.Aradhak@timesgroup.com. (2015, January 22). "Hotels in Taj's tourist data raise concerns". Times of India .

• Verma, R. (2014, December 16). "At Taj e-ticketing entry system initiated". Times of India .

 Book

• Archer, B., Cooper, C., & Ruhanen, L. (2005). The positive and negative impact of tourism. In W. F. Theobald, Global Tourism. Burlington: Butterworth Heinemann/ Elsevier.

• B. Parten, M. (2007). Research Methodology in Commerce. In S. Mohan, & R. Elangovan. Delhi: Deep and Deep Publications.

• Glasson, J., Godfrey, K., & Goodall, B. (1994). Visitor management in heritage cities. Tourism Management , 15 (5), 388-389.

• Lonely Planet. (2016). http://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/delhi/activities/sightseeing-tours/viator-exclusive-private-taj-mahal-agra-fort-tour-dine-view-optional-photographer.

• Marques, L. (2013). Constructing social landscape through events: The Glocal project of 's-hertogenbosch. (G. Richards, M. Brito, & L. Wilks, Eds.) Exploring the social dimension of events, London , pp. 84-103.

• Middleton, V. T., & Hawkins, R. (1998). Sustainable Tourism: A Marketing Perspective. Woburn: Oxford - Butterworth Heinemann.

• Nelson, W. (2004). Accelerated Testing: Statistical Models, Test Plans, and Data Analysis. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.

• Pedersen, A. (2002). Managing Tourism at World Heritage Sites: a Practical Manual for World Heritage Site Managers. World Heritage Manual , p. 96.

• Robertson, I. J. (2016). Heritage from Below. New York: Ashgate Publishing.

• Shackley, M. (2001). Managing Sacred Sites: Service Provision and Visitor Experience. London: Thomson Learning.

• Shackley, M. (1998). Visitor Management - Case Studies from World Heritage Sites. Burlington: Butterworth - Heinemann.

• Smith, L. (2002). A tutorial on Principal Components Analysis. In H. Anton, Elementary Linear Algebra 5e. John Wiley & Sons Inc.

• Swarbrooke, J. (2011). Development and Management of Visitor Attractions (2nd ed.). Taylor & Francis.

• Timothy, D. J. (2011). Cultural Heritage and Tourism - An Introduction. Channel View Publications.

• Veverka, J. (2000). Why Heritage Sites Need Interpretation. Michigan: John Veverka & Associates.

• W. Creswell, J. (2014). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. Sage Publication.

• Waterton, E., & Watson, S. (2010). Culture, Heritage and Representation: Perspectives on Visuality and the Past. Great Britain: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.

• Young, C., Chadburn, A., & Bedu, I. (2009). Stonehenge World Heritage Site Management Plan 2009. London: English Heritage.

 Journal

• Aas, C., Ladkin, A., & Fletcher, J. (2005). STAKEHOLDER COLLABORATION AND HERITAGE MANAGEMENT. Annals of Tourism Research , 32 (1), 28–48.

• Abubakar, A. M., Taher Shneikat, B. H., & Oday, A. (2014). Motivational factors for educational tourism: A case study in Northern Cyprus. Elsevier , 58-62.

• Aggarwal, M., & Suklabaidya, P. (2016). Red Fort as a Tourist Attraction: Travel Agents's perspective. Tourism Dimensions , 3 (1), 52-62.

• Amalendu, B. (2013, January- March). "Statistical methods for practice and research". South Asian journal of Management .

• Bohlin, M., & Brandt, D. (2013, May 22). Creating tourist experiences by interpreting places using digital guides. Journal of Heritage Tourism .

• Chilembwe, J. M., & Mweiwa, V. (2014). TOUR GUIDES: ARE THEY TOURISM PROMOTERS AND DEVELOPERS? CASE STUDY OF MALAWI. IMPACT: International Journal of Research in Business Management , 2 (9), 29-46.

• Cuccia, T., & Rizzo, I. (2011). HERITAGE AND TOURISM: THEORETICAL AND EMPIRICAL ISSUES. AN INTERNATIONAL MULTIDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF TOURISM , 6, 37-56.

• Daengbuppha, J., Hemmington, N., & Wilkes, K. (2009). Using grounded theory to model visitor experiences at heritage sites: Methodological and practical issues. Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal , 367-388.

• Dann, G. M. (1981). Tourist motivation an appraisal. Annals of Tourism Research , 8 (2), 187-219.

• Decrop, A., & Masset, J. (2013).: meanings and functions of tourist souvenirs. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research , 8 (1), 22 - 34.

• El-Barmelgy, H. M. (2013). Visitor Management Plan and Sustainable Culture Tourism (Presenting the VMP project for the Cairo Citadel of Salah El Dien). International Journal of Education and Research , 1 (12), 1-29.

• Farahani, F. V., Esfandiar, K., & Tajzadeh-Namin, A. (2014). EFFECTIVE FACTORS ON SOUVENIR PURCHASE: THE CASE OF FOREIGN TOURISTS' VIEWPOINT IN TEHRAN CITY. Enlightening Tourism : A Pathmaking Journal , 4 (2), 147-167 .

• Garrod, B., & Fyall, A. (2000). Managing heritage tourism. Annals of Tourism Research , 27 (3), 682–708.

• Hall, C. M., & Zeppel, H. (1990). History, Architecture, Environment: Cultural Heritage and Tourism. Journal of Travel Research , 29, 54-55.

• Ham, S., & Weiler, B. (2007). Isolating the role of on-site interpretation in a satisfying experience. SCHOOL OF TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT , 12 (2), 5-24.

• Herbert, D. (2001). Literary places, tourism and the heritage experience. (G. M. Dann, Ed.) Annals of Tourism Research , 28 (2), 312–333.

• Huang, S., & H. C. Hsu, C. (2009). Effects of Travel Motivation, Past Experience, Perceived Constraint, and Attitude on Revisit Intention. Journal of Travel Reserach , 48 (1), 29-44.

• Jurado, E. N., Tejada, M., García, F. A., & Becerra, F. S. (2012 ). Carrying capacity assessment for tourist destinations. Methodology for the creation of synthetic indicators applied in a coastal area. Tourism Management , 33 (6).

• Maaiah, B., & Masadeh, M. (2015, February). The Brochures as a Tool for Tourism Marketing: The Case of Petra. International Journal of Business and Social Science , 6 (2), pp. 98-106.

• Manhas, P. S., Manrai, L. A., & Manrai, A. K. (2016). Role of tourist destination development in building its brand image: A conceptual model. Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Science , 21 (40), 25–29.

• Poria, Y., Reichel, A., & Biran, A. (2006). Heritage site management: Motivations and Expectations. Annals of Tourism Research , 33 (1), 162–178.

• Porter, B. W., & Salazar, N. B. (2004). Cultural Heritage and Tourism: A Public Interest Approach. Journal for Applied Anthropology in Policy and Practice .

• Răvar, A. (2011). The importance of print and visual media in the promotion of hospitality enterprises. Cactus Tourism Journal , 2 (2), 93-98.

• Remoaldo, P. C., & Ribeiro, J. C. (2014). Tourists’ perceptions of world heritage destinations: The case of Guimarães (Portugal). Tourism and Hospitality Research , 14 (4), 206-218.

• Riberio, M. F., Ferreira, J. C., & Silva, C. P. (2011). The Sustainable Carrying Capacity as a Tool for Environmental Beach Management. Journal of Coastal Research(64), 1411-1414.

• Rizvic, S. (2014). Story Guided Virtual Cultural Heritage Applications. Journal of Interactive Humanities , 2 (1).

• Vishal.S., V. (2016). Acase study of Taj Mahal's visitor satisfaction and carrying capacity. journal of hospitality management and tourism , 7 (4), 43-49.

• Zauberman, G., Ratner, R. K., & Kim, B. K. (2009). Memories as Assets: Strategic Memory Protection in Choice over Time. Journal of Consumer Research , 35 (5), 715 - 728.

• Zimmerman, D. W., & Zumbo, B. D. (1993). Relative Power of the Wilcoxon Test, the Friedman Test, and Repeated-Measures ANOVA on Ranks. The Journal of Experimental Education , 62 (1), 75-86.

 Report

• Australian Government. (2010). Australia National Heritage. Australia: Australian Government - Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts.

• Caddigan, E. (2014). Seeing Eye to Eye? The presentation and understanding of interpretation at a New Zealand heritage site. Wellington: Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand.

• ICOMOS. (1999). INTERNATIONAL CULTURAL TOURISM CHARTER : Managing Tourism at Places of Heritage Significance. Mexico: ICOMOS.

• (2013). Performance Audit of Preservation and conservation of monuments & antiquities. Audit-report1 8.

• UNESCO - List of World Heritage in Danger. (n.d.). List of World Heritage in Danger - Article 11 (4).

• WTO-ILO.(2014). Measuring Employment in Tourism industries

 Convention

• Carter, R., & Horneman, L. (2001). Does a market for heritage tourism exist? AIMA Bulletin , 25, pp. 61-68.

• David Masters, P. S. (March , 2002). Sustainable visitor management system :A dicussion paper.

 Conference Proceedings

• Masters, D., Scott, P., & Barrow, G. (2002). Sustainable Visitor Management System: A discussion paper.

 Book Section

• Campo-Martínez, S., Garau-Vadell, J. B., & Martínez-Ruiz, M. P. (2010). Factors influencing repeat visits to a destination: The influence of group composition. Tourism Management , 31 (6), 862–870.

• Chen, C.-F., & Chen, F.-S. (2010). Experience quality, perceived value, satisfaction and behavioral intentions for heritage tourists. Tourism Management , 31 (1), 29–35.

• Dutta, B. (2015). Preservation of UNESCO World Heritage with special reference to India. Indian Horizions , 62.

• Leask, A. (2016). Visitor attraction management: A critical review of research 2009–2014. Tourism Management , 57, 334–361.

• Light, D. (2006). Visitors' use of interpretive media at heritage sites. Leisure Studies , 14 (2), 132-149.

• M.C.Middleton, G. (2006). Heritage: Values, Visions and Pratices in management & preservation of cultural & environmental heritage. Public history review , 13, 23-34.

• Ramsawak, K. (2014, 4 15). http://tourismexposed.com/2014/04/15/tourism-trends

Downloads

Published

2020-07-01

How to Cite

Suklabaidya, P., & Aggarwal, M. . (2020). Visitor Management at UNWHS: A Case study of Taj Mahal. Atna Journal of Tourism Studies, 15(2), 81-114. https://doi.org/10.12727/ajts.24.5